Annexes to COM(2022)542 - Ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast) - Main contents
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This page contains a limited version of this dossier in the EU Monitor.
| dossier | COM(2022)542 - Ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast). |
|---|---|
| document | COM(2022)542 |
| date | October 23, 2024 |
Air quality standards
Section 1 – Limit values for the protection of human health
Table 1 – Limit values for the protection of human health to be attained by 1 January 2030
| Averaging period | Limit value | |
| PM2,5 | ||
| 1 day | 25 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 10 μg/m3 | |
| PM10 | ||
| 1 day | 45 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 20 μg/m3 | |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | ||
| 1 hour | 200 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year |
| 1 day | 50 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 20 μg/m3 | |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | ||
| 1 hour | 350 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year |
| 1 day | 50 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 20 μg/m3 | |
| Benzene | ||
| Calendar year | 3,4 μg/m3 | |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | ||
| Maximum daily 8-hour mean (1) | 10 mg/m3 | |
| 1 day | 4 mg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Lead (Pb) | ||
| Calendar year | 0,5 μg/m3 | |
| Arsenic (As) | ||
| Calendar year | 6,0 ng/m3 | |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ||
| Calendar year | 5,0 ng/m3 | |
| Nickel (Ni) | ||
| Calendar year | 20 ng/m3 | |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | ||
| Calendar year | 1,0 ng/m3 |
Table 2 – Limit values for the protection of human health to be attained by 11 December 2026
| Averaging period | Limit value | |
| PM2,5 | ||
| Calendar year | 25 μg/m3 | |
| PM10 | ||
| 1 day | 50 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 40 μg/m3 | |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | ||
| 1 hour | 200 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 40 μg/m3 | |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | ||
| 1 hour | 350 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 24 times per calendar year |
| 1 day | 125 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year |
| Benzene | ||
| Calendar year | 5 μg/m3 | |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | ||
| Maximum daily 8-hour mean (2) | 10 mg/m3 | |
| Lead (Pb) | ||
| Calendar year | 0,5 μg/m3 |
Table 3 – Target values for the protection of human health to be attained by 11 December 2026
| Arsenic (As) | ||
| Calendar year | 6,0 ng/m3 | |
| Cadmium (Cd) | ||
| Calendar year | 5,0 ng/m3 | |
| Nickel (Ni) | ||
| Calendar year | 20 ng/m3 | |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | ||
| Calendar year | 1,0 ng/m3 |
Section 2 – Ozone target values and ozone long-term objectives
A. Definitions and criteria
The ‘Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 parts per billion’ (AOT40), expressed in ‘(μg/m3) × hours’, means the sum of the difference between hourly concentrations greater than 80 μg/m3 (= 40 parts per billion) and 80 μg/m3 over a given period using only the 1-hour values measured between 8:00 and 20:00 Central European Time (CET) each day.
B. Ozone target values
| Objective | Averaging period | Target value | |
| Protection of human health | Maximum daily 8-hour mean (3) | 120 μg/m3 | not to be exceeded on more than 18 days per calendar year averaged over 3 years (4) (5) |
| Protection of vegetation | May to July | AOT40 (calculated from 1-hour values) | 18 000 μg/m3 × h averaged over 5 years (4) |
C. Long-term objectives for ozone (O3) to be attained by 1 January 2050
| Objective | Averaging period | Long-term objective | |
| Protection of human health | Maximum daily 8-hour mean within a calendar year | 100 μg/m3 not to be exceeded on more than 3 days per calendar year (99th percentile) | |
| Protection of vegetation | May to July | AOT40 (calculated from 1 h values) | 6 000 μg/m3 × h |
Section 3 – Critical levels for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
| Averaging period | Critical level |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | |
| Calendar year and winter (1 October to 31 March) | 20 μg/m3 |
| Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) | |
| Calendar year | 30 μg/m3 |
Section 4 – Alert thresholds and information thresholds
A. Alert thresholds
To be measured as an hourly average over 3 consecutive hours in the case of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, and as a daily average over 3 consecutive days or less for PM10 and PM2,5, at locations representative of air quality over at least 100 km2 or an entire zone, whichever is the smaller.
To be measured over 1 hour for ozone; for the purposes of the implementation of Article 20, the exceedance of the threshold is to be measured or predicted for 3 consecutive hours.
| Pollutant | Averaging period | Alert threshold |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 1 hour | 350 μg/m3 |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 1 hour | 200 μg/m3 |
| PM2,5 | 1 day | 50 μg/m3 |
| PM10 | 1 day | 90 μg/m3 |
| Ozone | 1 hour | 240 μg/m3 |
B. Information thresholds
To be measured over 1 hour in the case of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and 1 day in the case of PM10 and PM2,5, at locations representative of air quality over at least 100 km2 or an entire zone, whichever is the smaller.
To be measured over 1 hour for ozone.
| Pollutant | Averaging period | Information threshold |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 1 hour | 275 μg/m3 |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 1 hour | 150 μg/m3 |
| PM2,5 | 1 day | 50 μg/m3 |
| PM10 | 1 day | 90 μg/m3 |
| Ozone | 1 hour | 180 μg/m3 |
Section 5 – Average Exposure Reduction Obligation for PM2,5 and NO2
A. Average exposure indicator
The average exposure indicator (AEI) expressed in μg/m3 shall be based upon measurements at all sampling points in urban background locations in average exposure territorial units throughout the territory of a Member State. It shall be assessed as a 3-calendar-year running annual mean concentration averaged over all sampling points of the relevant pollutant established pursuant to Point B of Annex III in each average exposure territorial unit. The AEI for a particular year shall be the mean concentration of that same year and the preceding 2 years.
Where Member States identify exceedances attributable to natural sources, contributions from natural sources shall be deducted before calculating the AEI.
The AEI is used for the examination of whether the average exposure reduction obligation is met.
B. Average exposure reduction obligations
As from 2030, the AEI shall not exceed a level that is:
| 1. | for PM2,5:
|
| 2. | for NO2:
|
When calculating the levels for the years 2030, 2031 and 2032, Member States may exclude the year 2020 from the calculation of the AEI for the base year.
C. Average exposure concentration objectives
The average exposure concentration objective shall be the following level of the AEI.
| Pollutant | Average exposure concentration objective |
| PM2,5 | AEI = 5 μg/m3 |
| NO2 | AEI = 10 μg/m3 |
(1) The maximum daily 8-hour mean concentration shall be selected by examining 8-hour running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each 8-hour average so calculated shall be assigned to the day on which it ends, i.e. the first calculation period for any 1 day shall be the period from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any 1 day shall be the period from 16:00 to 24:00 on that day.
(2) The maximum daily 8-hour mean concentration shall be selected by examining 8-hour running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each 8-hour average so calculated shall be assigned to the day on which it ends, i.e. the first calculation period for any 1 day shall be the period from 17:00 on the previous day to 01:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any 1 day shall be the period from 16:00 to 24:00 on that day.
(3) The maximum daily 8-hour mean concentration shall be selected by examining 8-hour running averages, calculated from hourly data and updated each hour. Each 8-hour average so calculated shall be assigned to the day on which it ends, i.e. the first calculation period for any 1 day shall be the period from 17:00 on the previous day to 1:00 on that day; the last calculation period for any 1 day shall be the period from 16:00 to 24:00 on that day.
(4) If the 3- or 5-year averages cannot be determined on the basis of a full and consecutive set of annual data, the minimum annual data required for checking compliance with the ozone target values shall be as follows:
| — | for the target value for the protection of human health: valid data for 1 year, |
| — | for the target value for the protection of vegetation: valid data for 3 years. |
(5) Until 1 January 2030, 120 μg/m3 not to be exceeded on more than 25 days per calendar year averaged over 3 years.
ANNEX II
Assessment thresholds
Section 1 – Assessment thresholds for health protection
| Pollutant | Assessment threshold (annual mean, unless specified) |
| PM2,5 | 5 μg/m3 |
| PM10 | 15 μg/m3 |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) | 10 μg/m3 |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 40 μg/m3 (24-hour mean)(1) |
| Benzene | 1,7 μg/m3 |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 4 mg/m3 (24-hour mean)(1) |
| Lead (Pb) | 0,25 μg/m3 |
| Arsenic (As) | 3,0 ng/m3 |
| Cadmium (Cd) | 2,5 ng/m3 |
| Nickel (Ni) | 10 ng/m3 |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | 0,30 ng/m3 |
| Ozone (O3) | 100 μg/m3 (maximum 8-hour mean) (1) |
Section 2 – Assessment thresholds for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
| Pollutant | Assessment threshold (annual mean, unless specified) |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO2) | 8 μg/m3 (average between 1 October and 31 March) |
| Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) | 19,5 μg/m3 |
(1) 99th percentile, i.e. 3 exceedance days per year.
ANNEX III
Minimum numbers of sampling points for fixed measurement
A. Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with limit values and target values for the protection of human health, ozone target values, long-term objectives, alert thresholds and information thresholds
1. Diffuse sources
Table 1 – Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with limit values and target values for the protection of human health, and alert thresholds and information thresholds (for all pollutants except ozone)
| Population of zone (thousands) | Minimum number of sampling points if concentrations exceed the assessment threshold | |||||
| NO2, SO2, CO, benzene | PM10 | PM2,5 | Pb, Cd, As, Ni in PM10 | Benzo(a)pyrene in PM10 | ||
| 0 – 249 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 250 – 499 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 500 – 749 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 750 – 999 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| 1 000 – 1 499 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| 1 500 – 1 999 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
| 2 000 – 2 749 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | |
| 2 750 – 3 749 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | |
| 3 750 – 4 749 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 4 | |
| 4 750 – 5 999 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 | |
| 6 000 + | 10 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 5 |
Table 2 – Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with ozone target values, long-term objectives and alert thresholds and information thresholds (for ozone only)
| Population of zone (thousands) | Minimum number of sampling points (1) |
| < 250 | 1 |
| < 500 | 2 |
| < 1 000 | 2 |
| < 1 500 | 3 |
| < 2 000 | 4 |
| < 2 750 | 5 |
| < 3 750 | 6 |
| ≥ 3 750 | 1 additional sampling point per 2 million inhabitants |
Table 3 – Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with limit values and target values for the protection of human health, and alert thresholds and information thresholds in zones where a 50 % reduction of such measurements applies (for all pollutants except ozone)
| Population of zone (thousands) | Minimum number of sampling points if the number of sampling points is reduced by up to 50 % | |||||
| NO2, SO2, CO, benzene | PM10 | PM2,5 | Pb, Cd, As, Ni in PM10 | Benzo(a)pyrene in PM10 | ||
| 0 – 249 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 250 – 499 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 500 – 749 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 750 – 999 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1 000 – 1 499 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 1 500 – 1 999 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 000 – 2 749 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| 2 750 – 3 749 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| 3 750 – 4 749 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
| 4 750 – 5 999 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | |
| 6 000 + | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
Table 4 – Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements to assess compliance with ozone target values, long-term objectives and alert thresholds and information thresholds in zones where a 50 % reduction of such measurements applies (for ozone only)
| Population of zone (thousands) | Minimum number of sampling points if the number of sampling points is reduced by up to 50 % (2) |
| < 250 | 1 |
| < 500 | 1 |
| < 1 000 | 1 |
| < 1 500 | 2 |
| < 2 000 | 2 |
| < 2 750 | 3 |
| < 3 750 | 3 |
| ≥ 3 750 | 1 additional sampling point per 4 million inhabitants |
For each zone, the minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements set out in Tables 1–4 of this Point shall include at least one background location sampling point and one sampling point at an air pollution hotspot according to Point B of Annex IV provided this does not increase the number of sampling points. For nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, benzene and carbon monoxide, this shall include at least one sampling point focused on measuring contribution from transport emissions. However, in the cases where there is only one sampling point required, this shall be located at an air pollution hotspot.
For each zone, for nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, benzene and carbon monoxide, the total number of urban background location sampling points and the total number of sampling points required at air pollution hotspots shall not differ by more than a factor of 2. The number of PM2,5 and nitrogen dioxide sampling points at urban background locations shall meet the requirements set out in Point B.
2. Point sources
For the assessment of pollution in the vicinity of point sources, the number of sampling points for fixed measurement shall be calculated taking into account emission densities, the likely distribution patterns of ambient-air pollution and the potential exposure of the population. Such sampling points may be sited such that the application of BAT (Best Available Techniques) as defined in Directive 2010/75/EU can be monitored.
B. Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurement to assess compliance with the PM2,5 and NO2 average exposure reduction obligations for the protection of human health
For each of PM2,5 and NO2, at least one sampling point per average exposure territorial unit, and at least one sampling point per million inhabitants calculated over urban areas in excess of 100 000 inhabitants shall be operated for this purpose. Those sampling points may coincide with sampling points under Point A.
C. Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements to assess compliance with critical levels for SO2 and NOx, and with long-term objectives for ozone
1. Critical levels for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
| If maximum concentrations exceed the critical levels | one sampling point every 20 000 km2 |
| If maximum concentrations exceed the assessment threshold | one sampling point every 40 000 km2 |
In island zones, the number of sampling points for fixed measurement shall be calculated taking into account the likely distribution patterns of ambient air pollution and the potential exposure of vegetation.
2. Long-term objective for the protection of human health and vegetation for ozone
For rural background measurement, Member States shall ensure at least one sampling point per 50 000 km2 as an average density over all zones per country. For complex terrain, one sampling point per 25 000 km2 is recommended.
D. Minimum number of sampling points for fixed measurements of ultrafine particles where high concentrations are likely to occur
Ultrafine particles shall be measured at selected locations in addition to other air pollutants. Sampling points to measure ultrafine particles shall coincide, where appropriate, with sampling points for particulate matter or nitrogen dioxide referred to in Point A of this Annex, and be sited in accordance with Section 4 of Annex VII. For that purpose, at least one sampling point per 5 million inhabitants shall be established at a location where high UFP concentrations are likely to occur. Member States that have fewer than 5 million inhabitants shall establish at least one sampling point for fixed measurements at a location where high UFP concentrations are likely to occur.
For Member States with more than 2 million inhabitants, monitoring supersites at urban background or rural background locations established in accordance with Article 10 shall not be included for the purpose of meeting the requirements on the minimum number of sampling points for UFP set here.
(1) At least one sampling point in areas where exposure of the population to the highest concentrations of ozone is likely to occur. In agglomerations, at least 50 % of the sampling points shall be located in suburban areas.
(2) At least one sampling point in areas where exposure of the population to the highest concentrations of ozone is likely to occur. In agglomerations, at least 50 % of the sampling points shall be located in suburban areas.
ANNEX IV
Assessment of ambient air quality and location of sampling points
A. General
Ambient air quality shall be assessed in all zones as follows:
| 1. | Ambient air quality shall be assessed at all locations except those listed in point 2. Points B and C shall apply to the location of sampling points. The principles established by Points B and C shall also apply in so far as they are relevant in identifying the specific locations in which concentrations of the relevant pollutants are established where ambient air quality is assessed through indicative measurements or modelling applications. |
| 2. | Compliance with the limit values and target values directed at the protection of human health shall not be assessed at the following locations:
|
B. Macroscale siting of sampling points
1. Information
The siting of sampling points shall take into account national gridded data of emissions reported pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/2284, emission data reported under the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and, where available, local emission inventories.
2. Protection of human health
| (a) | Sampling points directed at the protection of human health shall be sited in such a way as to provide reliable data on all of the following:
|
| (b) | sampling points shall in general be sited in such a way as to avoid measuring micro-environments in the immediate vicinity of the sampling point, which means that a sampling point shall, where feasible, be sited in such a way that the air sampled is representative of air quality for a street segment no less than 100 m in length at locations measuring the contribution of road traffic, at least 25 m × 25 m at locations measuring the contribution from domestic heating, and at least 250 m × 250 m at locations measuring the contribution from industrial sites or other sources such as ports or airports; |
| (c) | where the objective is to assess air quality at air pollution hotspots, sampling points shall be installed in the areas within zones with the highest concentrations to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit values or target values; such sampling points shall be located, where relevant and to the extent possible, in areas where sensitive population and vulnerable groups are likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit values or target values, including but not limited to residential areas, schools, hospitals, assisted living facilities, or office areas; |
| (d) | sampling points in urban background locations shall be located so that their pollution level is influenced by the integrated contribution from all relevant sources; the pollution level shall not be dominated by a single source unless such a situation is typical for a larger urban area; those sampling points shall, as a general rule, be representative for several square kilometres; |
| (e) | sampling points in rural background locations shall be located so that their pollution level is influenced by the integrated contribution from relevant sources but not by urban areas, major roads or industrial sites in their vicinity, i.e. closer than 5 km; |
| (f) | where the objective is to assess the contribution of road traffic, sampling points shall be located in such a way as to provide data on the streets where the highest concentrations occur, taking into consideration traffic volume (representing the largest traffic density in the zone), local dispersion conditions and spatial land use (for example, in street canyons); |
| (g) | where the objective is to assess the contribution of domestic heating, sampling points shall be installed downwind of the main sources within the relevant predominant wind direction of those sources; |
| (h) | where the objective is to assess the contributions of industrial sources, ports or airports, at least one sampling point shall be installed downwind of the main source within the relevant predominant wind direction in the nearest residential area; where the background concentration is not known, an additional sampling point shall be situated upwind of the main source, relative to the relevant predominant wind direction; the sampling points may be sited such that the application of BAT can be monitored; |
| (i) | sampling points shall, where possible, also be representative of similar locations not in the immediate vicinity of the sampling points; in the zones where the level of air pollutants is above the assessment threshold, the area which each sampling point is representative of shall be clearly defined; the whole zone shall, where possible, be covered by the different areas of representativeness defined for those sampling points; concentrations in areas in a zone that are not covered by that zone’s sampling points shall be assessed with appropriate methods; |
| (j) | account shall be taken of the need to locate sampling points on islands where that is necessary for the protection of human health; |
| (k) | sampling points measuring arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons shall, where possible, be co-located with sampling points for PM10. |
3. Protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems
Sampling points targeted at the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems shall be sited more than 20 km away from urban areas or more than 5 km away from other built-up areas, industrial sites or motorways or major roads with traffic counts of more than 50 000 vehicles per day, which means that a sampling point shall be sited in such a way that the air sampled is representative of air quality in a surrounding area of at least 1 000 km2. A Member State may provide for a sampling point to be sited at a lesser distance or to be representative of air quality in a less extended area, taking account of geographical conditions or of the opportunities to protect particularly vulnerable areas.
Account shall be taken of the need to assess air quality on islands.
4. Additional criteria for ozone sampling points
The following apply to fixed and indicative measurements:
| Type of sampling point | Objectives of measurement | Representativeness (1) | Macro-scale siting criteria |
| Urban background locations for ozone assessments | Protection of human health: to assess the exposure of the urban population to ozone, i.e. where population density and ozone concentration are relatively high and representative of the exposure of the general population. | 1 to 10 km2 | Away from the influence of local emissions such as traffic, petrol stations, etc.; vented locations where well mixed levels can be measured; where relevant and to the extent possible, locations frequented by sensitive population and vulnerable groups, such as schools, playgrounds, hospitals and homes for elderly; locations such as residential and commercial areas of cities, parks (away from trees), wide streets or squares with very little or no traffic, open areas characteristic of educational, sports or recreation facilities. |
| Suburban locations for ozone assessments | Protection of human health and vegetation: to assess the exposure of the population and vegetation located in the outskirts of the urban area, with the highest ozone levels to which the population and vegetation are likely to be directly or indirectly exposed. | 10 to 100 km2 | At a certain distance from the area of maximum emissions, downwind following the main wind direction/directions during conditions favourable to ozone formation; where population, sensitive crops or natural ecosystems located in the outer fringe of an urban area are exposed to high ozone levels; where appropriate, some suburban sampling points also upwind of the area of maximum emissions, in order to determine the regional background levels of ozone. |
| Rural locations for ozone assessments | Protection of human health and vegetation: to assess the exposure of population, crops and natural ecosystems to sub-regional scale ozone concentrations. | Sub-regional levels (100 to 1 000 km2) | Sampling points may be located in small settlements or areas with natural ecosystems, forests or crops; representative for ozone away from the influence of immediate local emissions such as industrial sites and roads; at open area sites. |
| Rural background locations for ozone assessments | Protection of human health and vegetation: to assess the exposure of crops and natural ecosystems to regional-scale ozone concentrations as well as exposure of the population. | Regional/national/continental levels (1 000 to 10 000 km2) | Sampling points located in areas with lower population density, e.g. with natural ecosystems, forests, at a distance of at least 20 km from urban and industrial areas and away from local emissions; avoid locations which are subject to locally enhanced formation of ground-near inversion conditions; coastal sites with pronounced diurnal wind cycles of local character are not recommended. |
The locations of sampling points for rural locations and rural background locations for ozone assessment shall, where appropriate, be coordinated with the monitoring requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) No 1737/2006 (2).
5. Criteria for determining the spatial representativeness area of sampling points
When determining the spatial representativeness area, the following characteristics shall be considered:
| (a) | the geographical area may include non-contiguous domains but shall be limited in its extension by the borders of the zone under consideration; |
| (b) | if assessed via modelling applications, a fit-for-purpose modelling system shall be used and modelled concentrations shall be used at location of the sampling point to prevent systematic model-measurement biases from distorting the assessment; |
| (c) | other metrics than absolute concentrations may be considered, e.g. percentiles; |
| (d) | the tolerance levels and possible cut-offs for the different pollutants may vary depending on the characteristics of the sampling point; |
| (e) | the annual average of the observed pollutant concentration shall be used as the air quality metric for a specific year. |
C. Micro-scale siting of sampling points
Insofar as it is practicable, the following shall apply:
| (a) | the flow around the sampling point inlet shall be unrestricted (in general free in an arc of at least 270o, or, for sampling points at the building line, of at least 180o) without any obstructions affecting the airflow in the vicinity of the inlet (at least 1,5 m away from buildings, balconies, trees and other obstacles, and at least 0,5 m from the nearest building in the case of sampling points representing air quality at the building line); |
| (b) | in general, the sampling point inlet shall be between 0,5 m (the breathing zone) and 4 m above the ground; higher siting may also be appropriate if the sampling point is located in a background location; the decision to apply such higher siting shall be fully documented; |
| (c) | the inlet probe shall not be positioned in the immediate vicinity of sources in order to avoid the direct intake of emissions unmixed with ambient air to which members of the public are unlikely to be exposed; |
| (d) | the sampler’s exhaust outlet shall be positioned so that recirculation of exhaust air to the sampler inlet is avoided; |
| (e) | for all pollutants, sampling probes focused on measuring contributions from road traffic shall be at least 25 m from the edge of major junctions and no more than 10 m from the kerbside; for the purposes of this point, a ‘kerbside’ means the line that separates motorised traffic from other areas; a ‘major junction’ means a junction which interrupts the traffic flow and causes different emissions (stop&go) from the rest of the road; |
| (f) | for the deposition measurements in background locations, the guidelines and criteria of EMEP shall apply; |
| (g) | for ozone measurement, Member States shall ensure that the sampling point is positioned well away from sources such as furnaces and incineration flues, and more than 10 m from the nearest road, with distance increasing as a function of traffic intensity; |
| (h) | the following factors may also be taken into account:
|
D. Site selection, its review and documentation
| 1. | The competent authorities responsible for air quality assessment shall for all zones fully document the site-selection procedures and record information to support the network design and choice of location for all monitoring sites. The design of the monitoring network shall be supported at least by either modelling applications or indicative measurements. |
| 2. | The documentation shall include the location of the sampling points through spatial coordinates, detailed maps and compass point photographs of the area surrounding monitoring sites, and shall include information on the spatial representativeness of all sampling points. |
| 3. | The documentation shall include evidence as regards reasons for the network design and demonstrating compliance with Points B and C, in particular:
|
| 4. | Where indicative measurements, modelling applications or objective estimation, or a combination thereof are used within a zone, the documentation shall include details of those methods and information on how the conditions set out in Article 9(3) are met. |
| 5. | Where indicative measurements, modelling applications or objective estimation are used, competent authorities shall use gridded data reported pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/2284, emission information reported under Directive 2010/75/EU and, where available, local emission inventories. |
| 6. | For ozone measurements, Member States shall apply proper screening and interpretation of the monitoring data in the context of the meteorological and photochemical processes affecting the ozone concentrations measured at the respective sites. |
| 7. | Where applicable, the list of ozone precursors substances, the objective sought for measuring them and the methods used to sample and measure them shall be part of the documentation. |
| 8. | Where applicable, information of the measurement methods used for the measurement of the chemical composition of PM2,5 shall also be part of the documentation. |
| 9. | At least every 5 years the selection criteria, network design and monitoring site locations, defined by the competent authorities in view of the requirements of this Annex, shall be reviewed to ensure they remain valid and optimal overtime. The review shall be supported at least by either modelling applications or indicative measurements. Where such a review finds that the network design and monitoring site locations are no longer valid, the competent authority shall update them as soon as possible. |
| 10. | The documentation shall be updated following every review and other relevant changes to the monitoring network, and shall be made public through appropriate communication channels. |
(1) Sampling points shall, where possible, be representative of similar locations not in the immediate vicinity of the sampling points.
(2) Commission Regulation (EC) No 1737/2006 of 7 November 2006 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 2152/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning monitoring of forests and environmental interactions in the Community (OJ L 334, 30.11.2006, p. 1).
ANNEX V
Data quality objectives
A. Uncertainty of measurements and modelling applications for ambient air quality assessment
Table 1 – Uncertainty for measurement and modelling of long-term (annual) mean concentrations
| Air pollutant | Maximum uncertainty of fixed measurements | Maximum uncertainty of indicative measurements (1) | Maximum ratio of uncertainty of modelling applications and objective estimation over uncertainty of fixed measurements | ||
| Absolute value | Relative value | Absolute value | Relative value | Maximum ratio | |
| PM2,5 | 3,0 μg/m3 | 30 % | 4,0 μg/m3 | 40 % | 1,7 |
| PM10 | 4,0 μg/m3 | 20 % | 6,0 μg/m3 | 30 % | 1,3 |
| SO2 / NO2 / NOx | 6,0 μg/m3 | 30 % | 8,0 μg/m3 | 40 % | 1,4 |
| Benzene | 0,85 μg/m3 | 25 % | 1,2 μg/m3 | 35 % | 1,7 |
| Lead | 0,125 μg/m3 | 25 % | 0,175 μg/m3 | 35 % | 1,7 |
| Arsenic | 2,4 ng/m3 | 40 % | 3,0 ng/m3 | 50 % | 1,1 |
| Cadmium | 2,0 ng/m3 | 40 % | 2,5 ng/m3 | 50 % | 1,1 |
| Nickel | 8,0 ng/m3 | 40 % | 10,0 ng/m3 | 50 % | 1,1 |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | 0,5 ng/m3 | 50 % | 0,6 ng/m3 | 60 % | 1,1 |
Table 2 – Uncertainty for measurement and modelling of short-term (24-hour, 8-hour and hourly) mean concentrations
| Air pollutant | Maximum uncertainty of fixed measurements | Maximum uncertainty of indicative measurements (2) | Maximum ratio of uncertainty of modelling applications and objective estimation over uncertainty of fixed measurements | ||
| Absolute value | Relative value | Absolute value | Relative value | Maximum ratio | |
| PM2,5 (24-hour) | 6,3 μg/m3 | 25 % | 8,8 μg/m3 | 35 % | 2,5 |
| PM10 (24-hour) | 11,3 μg/m3 | 25 % | 22,5 μg/m3 | 50 % | 2,2 |
| NO2 (24-hour) | 7,5 μg/m3 | 15 % | 12,5 μg/m3 | 25 % | 3,2 |
| NO2 (hourly) | 30 μg/m3 | 15 % | 50 μg/m3 | 25 % | 3,2 |
| SO2 (24-hour) | 7,5 μg/m3 | 15 % | 12,5 μg/m3 | 25 % | 3,2 |
| SO2 (hourly) | 52,5 μg/m3 | 15 % | 87,5 μg/m3 | 25 % | 3,2 |
| CO (24-hour) | 0,6 mg/m3 | 15 % | 1,0 mg/m3 | 25 % | 3,2 |
| CO (8-hour) | 1,0 mg/m3 | 10 % | 2,0 mg/m3 | 20 % | 4,9 |
| Ozone (8-hour mean) | 18 μg/m3 | 15 % | 30 μg/m3 | 25 % | 2,2 |
When assessing compliance with the data quality objectives in Tables 1 and 2 of this Point, the uncertainty for measurements (expressed at a 95 % confidence level) of the assessment methods shall be calculated in line with the respective EN standard of each pollutant. For methods where no standard is available, the uncertainty of the assessment method shall be evaluated in accordance with the principles of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM) 100:2008 ‘Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement’ and the methodology in Part 5 of ISO 5725:1998. For indicative measurements, in the absence of a relevant EN standard, uncertainty shall be calculated according to the guidance on the demonstration of equivalence referred to in Point B of Annex VI.
The percentages for uncertainty in Tables 1 and 2 of this Point apply for all limit values and target values that are calculated by simple averaging of individual measurements such as hourly mean, daily mean or yearly mean values without considering the additional uncertainty for the calculation of the number of exceedances. The uncertainty shall be interpreted as being applicable in the region of the appropriate limit values or target values. The uncertainty calculation does not apply to AOT40 and values that include more than 1 year, more than one sampling point (e.g. AEI) or more than one component. They are also not applicable for alert thresholds, information thresholds and critical levels for the protection of vegetation and natural ecosystems.
Before 2030, the relative values for maximum uncertainties in Tables 1 and 2 shall apply for all pollutants, except PM2,5 and NO2/NOx in Table 1, for which the maximum uncertainties of fixed measurements shall be 25 % and 15 %, respectively. From 2030, the uncertainty of measurement data used for ambient air quality assessment shall not exceed the absolute value or the relative value, whichever is higher, expressed in this Point.
The maximum uncertainty of modelling applications is set to the uncertainty for fixed measurements multiplied by the applicable maximum ratio. The modelling quality objective (i.e. a modelling quality indicator less or equal to 1) shall be verified at least at 90 % of the available sampling points, over the assessment area and period considered. At a given sampling point, the modelling quality indicator shall be calculated as the ratio of the root mean square error(s) between modelling results and measurements over the square root of the quadratic sum(s) of the modelling application and measurement uncertainties, over an entire assessment period. Note that the sum will reduce to a single value when annual means are considered. All fixed measurements that meet the data quality objectives (i.e. uncertainty of measurement and data coverage of measurement as specified in this Point and Point B, respectively) located in the modelling application assessment area shall be used for the evaluation of uncertainty of the modelling application. Note that the maximum ratio shall be interpreted as being applicable over the entire concentration range.
For short-term mean concentrations, the maximum uncertainty of measurement data used to assess the modelling quality objective shall be the absolute uncertainty calculated using the relative value expressed in this Point, above the limit value and shall decrease linearly from the absolute value at the limit value, to a threshold at zero concentration (3). Both the short-term and long-term modelling quality objectives shall be fulfilled.
For modelling of annual mean concentrations of benzene, arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene, the maximum uncertainty of measurement data used for assessing the modelling quality objective shall not exceed the relative value expressed in this Point.
For modelling of annual mean concentrations of PM10, PM2,5 and nitrogen dioxide, the maximum uncertainty of measurement data used for assessing the modelling quality objective shall not exceed either the absolute value or the relative value expressed in this Point.
Where an air quality model is used for assessment, references to descriptions of the modelling application and information on the calculation of the modelling quality objective shall be compiled.
The uncertainty of objective estimation shall not exceed the uncertainty for indicative measurements by more than the applicable maximum ratio and shall not exceed 85 %. The uncertainty for objective estimation is defined as the maximum deviation of the measured and calculated concentration levels, over the period considered, by the limit value or target value, without taking into account the timing of the events.
B. Data coverage of measurements for ambient air quality assessment
‘Data coverage’ refers to the proportion of the calendar year for which valid measurement data are available, expressed as a percentage.
| Air pollutant | Minimum data coverage | |||
| Fixed measurements (4) | Indicative measurements (5) | |||
| Annual means | 1-hour, 8-hour or 24-hour means | Annual means | 1-hour, 8-hour or 24-hour means | |
| SO2, NO2, NOx, CO | 85 % | 85 % | 13 % | 50 % |
| O3 and related NO and NO2 | 85 % | 85 % | 13 % | 50 % |
| PM10, PM2,5 | 85 % | 85 % | 13 % | 50 % |
| Benzene | 85 % | — | 13 % | — |
| Benzo(a)pyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total gaseous mercury, particulate and gaseous divalent mercury | 30 % | — | 13 % | — |
| As, Cd, Ni, Pb | 45 % | — | 13 % | — |
| BC, ammonia, UFP, size distribution of UFP | 80 % | — | 13 % | — |
| Nitric acid, levoglucosan, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), chemical composition of PM2,5, PM oxidative potential | 45 % | — | 13 % | — |
| Total Deposition | — | — | 30 % | — |
Fixed measurements of SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM10, PM2,5 and benzene are to be carried out continuously during the full calendar year.
For the other cases, measurements are to be evenly distributed over the calendar year (or over the April to September period for indicative measurements of O3). In order to comply with those requirements and to ensure that any potential losses of data do not skew results, the minimum data coverage requirements shall be met for specific periods (quarter, month, weekday) of the whole year depending on the pollutant and measurement method or measurement frequency.
For the assessment of annual mean values via indicative measurements and, via fixed measurements for pollutants with a minimum data coverage below 80 %, Member States may apply random measurements instead of continuous measurements if they can demonstrate that the uncertainty, including the uncertainty due to random sampling, meets the required data quality objectives and minimum data coverage for indicative measurements. Such random sampling shall be evenly distributed over the year in order to avoid skewing of results. The uncertainty due to random sampling may be determined by the procedure laid down in ISO 11222 (2002) ‘Air Quality – Determination of the Uncertainty of the Time Average of Air Quality Measurements’.
Normal maintenance of instrumentation shall not take place during pollution peak periods.
Minimum 24-hour sampling is required for the measurement of benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Individual samples taken over a period of up to 1 month may be combined and analysed as a composite sample, provided the method ensures that the samples are stable for that period. The three congeners benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(j)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene can be difficult to resolve analytically. In such cases, they can be reported as a sum together. Sampling shall be spread evenly over the weekdays and the year. For the measurement of deposition rates, monthly or weekly samples throughout the year are recommended.
Furthermore, those provisions on individual samples shall also apply to arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and total gaseous mercury. Moreover, subsampling of PM10 filters for metals for subsequent analysis is allowed, providing there is evidence that the subsample is representative of the whole and that the detection sensitivity is not compromised when compared with the relevant data quality objectives. As an alternative to daily sampling, weekly sampling for metals in PM10 is allowed provided that the collection characteristics are not compromised.
For total deposition, Member States may use wet-only sampling, instead of bulk sampling, if they can demonstrate that the difference between them is within 10 %. Deposition rates shall generally be given as μg/m2 per day.
C. Criteria for aggregation of data for ambient air quality assessment
The following criteria shall be used for checking validity when aggregating data in order to calculate statistical parameters:
| Parameter | Required proportion of valid data |
| 1-hour means | 75 % (i.e. 45 minutes) |
| 8-hour means | 75 % of values (i.e. 6 hours) |
| 24-hour means | 75 % of the 1-hour means (i.e. at least 18 hourly values during the day) |
| Maximum daily 8-hour mean | 75 % of the hourly running 8-hour means (i.e. at least 18 eight-hour values during the day) |
D. Methods for assessing compliance and estimating statistical parameters to account for low data coverage or significant data losses
An assessment of compliance with the relevant limit values and target values shall be carried out regardless of whether the data quality objectives for data coverage are achieved, provided the available data allows for a conclusive assessment. In cases relating to the short-term limit values and target values, measurements that only cover a fraction of the calendar year, and that have not delivered sufficient valid data as required by Point B, may still constitute non-compliance. Where this is the case, and there are no clear grounds to doubt the quality of the valid data acquired, this shall be considered an exceedance of the limit value or target value and be reported as such.
E. Results of air quality assessment
The following information shall be compiled for zones where air quality modelling applications or objective estimation are used:
| (a) | a description of assessment activities carried out; |
| (b) | the specific methods used, with references to descriptions of the method; |
| (c) | the sources of data and information; |
| (d) | a description of results, including uncertainties and, in particular, the extent of any area or, if relevant, the length of road within the zone over which concentrations exceed any limit value, target value or long-term objective, and of any area within which concentrations exceed the assessment threshold; |
| (e) | the population potentially exposed to levels in excess of any limit value for protection of human health. |
F. Quality assurance for ambient air quality assessment; data validation
| 1. | To ensure accuracy of measurements and compliance with the data quality objectives laid down in Point A of this Annex, the appropriate competent authorities and bodies designated pursuant to Article 5 shall ensure the following:
|
| 2. | All reported data under Article 23 shall be deemed to be valid except data flagged as provisional. |
G. Promotion of harmonised air quality modelling approaches
To promote and support the harmonised use of scientifically sound air quality modelling approaches by the competent authorities with an emphasis on model application, the appropriate competent authorities and bodies designated pursuant to Article 5 shall ensure the following:
| (a) | that the designated reference institutions participate in the European network of air quality modelling set up by the JRC; |
| (b) | that best practices in air quality modelling identified by the network through scientific consensus are adopted in relevant applications of air quality modelling for the purposes of fulfilling legal requirements pursuant to Union legislation, without prejudice to model adaptations necessitated by singular circumstances; |
| (c) | that the quality of relevant applications of air quality modelling is periodically checked and improved through intercomparison exercises organised by the JRC; |
| (d) | that the European network of air quality modelling be responsible for the periodic review, at least every 5 years, of the maximum ratio of modelling uncertainties listed in Point A, Tables 1 and 2, of this Annex and subsequent proposal of any necessary changes to the Commission. |
(1) When using indicative measurements for purposes other than compliance assessment, such as, but not only: design or review of the monitoring network, calibration and validation of modelling applications, the uncertainty may be that established for modelling applications.
(2) When using indicative measurements for purposes other than compliance assessment, such as, but not only: design or review of the monitoring network, calibration and validation of modelling applications, the uncertainty may be that established for modelling applications.
(3) The threshold shall be set to 4, 3, 10, 3 and 5 μg/m3 for PM10, PM2,5, O3, NO2 and SO2, respectively, and 0,5 mg/m3 for CO. These values represent the state of knowledge and shall be regularly updated at least every 5 years, to reflect developments in the state of the art.
(4) For O3, minimum data coverage requirements are to be met both for the full calendar year, and for the periods of April to September, and October to March, respectively.
Assessment of the AOT40 for ozone minimum data coverage requirements are to be met during the time period defined for calculating the AOT40 value.
(5) For O3, minimum data coverage applies for the period of April to September (no criterium of minimum data coverage is required during the winter period).
(6) Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 339/93 (OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30).
ANNEX VI
Reference methods for assessment of concentrations in ambient air and deposition rates
A. Reference methods for the assessment of concentrations of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5), benzene, carbon monoxide, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ozone and other pollutants in ambient air and deposition rates
| 1. | Reference method for the measurement of sulphur dioxide in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of sulphur dioxide in ambient air is that described in EN 14212:2012 ‘Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of sulphur dioxide by ultraviolet fluorescence’. |
| 2. | Reference method for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air is that described in EN 14211:2012 ‘Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide by chemiluminescence’. |
| 3. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM10 in ambient air The reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM10 in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 ‘Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter’. |
| 4. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM2,5 in ambient air The reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM2,5 in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 ‘Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter’. |
| 5. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 ‘Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter’. The reference method for the measurement of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in ambient air is that described in EN 14902:2005 ‘Ambient air quality – Standard method for measurement of Pb, Cd, As and Ni in the PM10 fraction of suspended particulate matter’. |
| 6. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of benzene in ambient air The reference method for the sampling and measurement of benzene in ambient air is that described in EN 14662, parts 1 (2005), 2 (2005) and 3 (2016) ‘Ambient air quality – Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations’. |
| 7. | Reference method for the measurement of carbon monoxide in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of carbon monoxide in ambient air is that described in EN 14626:2012 ‘Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of carbon monoxide by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy’. |
| 8. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 ‘Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter’. The reference method for the measurement of benzo(a)pyrene in ambient air is that described in EN 15549:2008 ‘Air quality – Standard method for the measurement of concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air’. In the absence of an EN standard method for the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons referred to in Article 9(8), Member States are allowed to use national standard methods or ISO methods such as ISO standard 12884. |
| 9. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of total gaseous mercury in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of total gaseous mercury concentrations in ambient air is that described in EN 15852:2010 ‘Ambient air quality – Standard method for the determination of total gaseous mercury’. |
| 10. | Reference method for the sampling and analysis of the deposition of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons The reference method for the determination of the deposition of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel is that described in EN 15841:2009 ‘Ambient air quality – Standard method for determination of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in atmospheric deposition’. The reference method for the determination of the deposition of mercury is that described in EN 15853:2010 ‘Ambient air quality – Standard method for determination of mercury deposition’. The reference method for the determination of the deposition of benzo(a)pyrene and the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons referred to in Article 9(8) is that described in EN 15980:2011 ‘Air quality – Determination of the deposition of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene’. |
| 11. | Reference method for the measurement of ozone in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of ozone in ambient air is that described in EN 14625:2012 ‘Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of ozone by ultraviolet photometry’. |
| 12. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of elemental carbon and organic carbon in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of elemental carbon and organic carbon in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 ‘Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter’. The reference method for the measurement of elemental carbon and organic carbon in ambient air is that described in EN 16909:2017 ‘Ambient air – Measurement of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) collected on filters’. |
| 13. | Reference method for the sampling and measurement of NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ in PM2,5 in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ in PM2,5 in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 ‘Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter’. The reference method for the measurement of NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ in PM2,5 in ambient air is that described in EN 16913:2017 ‘Ambient air – Standard method for measurement of NO3 -, SO4 2-, Cl-, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ in PM2,5 as deposited on filters’. |
| 14. | Methods for the sampling and measurement of volatile organic compounds that are ozone precursor substances, methane, UFP, BC, size distribution of ultrafine particles, ammonia, particulate and gaseous divalent mercury, nitric acid, levoglucosan and oxidative potential of particulate matter In the absence of an EN standard method for sampling and measuring volatile organic compounds that are ozone precursor substances, methane, UFP, BC, size distribution of ultrafine particles, ammonia, particulate and gaseous divalent mercury, nitric acid, levoglucosan and oxidative potential of particulate matter, Member States may choose the sampling and measuring methods they use, in accordance with Annex V and taking into account the measurement objectives, including those set out in Section 3, Point A, and Section 4, Point A, of Annex VII, as applicable. Where international, EN or national standard reference measurement methods or CEN technical specifications are available, these may be used. |
B. Demonstration of equivalence
| 1. | A Member State may use any other method which it can demonstrate gives results equivalent to any of the reference methods referred to in Point A of this Annex or, in the case of particulate matter, any other method which the Member State concerned can demonstrate displays a consistent relationship to the reference method, such as an automatic measurement method that meets the requirements in standard EN 16450:2017 ‘Ambient air – Automated measuring systems for the measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM10; PM2,5)’. In that event, the results achieved by such other method shall be corrected to produce results equivalent to those that would have been achieved by using the reference method. |
| 2. | The Commission may require Member States to prepare and submit a report on the demonstration of equivalence in accordance with point 1. |
| 3. | When assessing the acceptability of the report referred to in point 2, the Commission shall refer to its guidance on the demonstration of equivalence. Where Member States have been using interim factors to approximate equivalence, approximate equivalence shall be confirmed or amended with reference to that guidance. |
| 4. | Member States shall ensure that whenever appropriate, the correction is also applied retroactively to past measurement data in order to achieve better data comparability. |
C. Standardisation
For gaseous pollutants, the volume shall be standardised at a temperature of 293 K and an atmospheric pressure of 101,3 kPa. For particulate matter and substances to be analysed in particulate matter (including arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene), the sampling volume refers to ambient conditions in terms of temperature and atmospheric pressure at the date of measurements.
D. Mutual recognition of data
When demonstrating that equipment meets the performance requirements of the reference methods listed in Point A of this Annex, the competent authorities and bodies designated pursuant to Article 5 shall accept test reports issued in other Member States provided that the test laboratories are accredited by the relevant harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories.
The detailed test reports and all the results of the tests shall be available to other competent authorities or their designated bodies. Test reports shall demonstrate that the equipment meets all the performance requirements, including where some environmental and site conditions are specific to a Member State and are outside the conditions for which the equipment has been already tested and type approved in another Member State.
E. Reference air quality modelling applications
In the absence of an EN standard on modelling quality objectives, Member States may choose the modelling applications they use, in accordance with Point F of Annex V.
ANNEX VII
Measurements at monitoring supersites and of mass concentration, chemical composition of PM2,5, ozone precursor substances and ultrafine particles
Section 1 – Measurements of pollutants at monitoring supersites
Measurements at all monitoring supersites at urban background locations and rural background locations shall include the pollutants listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Table 1 – Pollutants to be measured at monitoring supersites at urban background locations
| Pollutant | Type of measurement |
| PM10, PM2,5, UFP, BC | Fixed measurements |
| NO2, O3 | Fixed measurements |
| SO2, CO | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Size distribution of UFP | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Benzo(a)pyrene, other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant (1) | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition (2) of benzo(a)pyrene, and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition (2) of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Benzene | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Chemical composition of PM2,5 in accordance with Section 2 | Fixed or indicative measurements |
Table 2 – Pollutants to be measured at monitoring supersites at rural background locations
| Pollutant | Type of measurement |
| PM10, PM2,5, UFP, BC | Fixed measurements |
| NO2, O3 and ammonia | Fixed measurements |
| SO2, CO | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition of benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Benzo(a)pyrene, other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant (3) | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Chemical composition of PM2,5 in accordance with Section 2 | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total gaseous mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
Table 3 – Pollutants recommended to be measured at monitoring supersites at urban background locations and rural background locations if not covered by the requirements of Tables 1 and 2
| Pollutant | Type of measurement |
| Size distribution of UFP | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Particulate matter oxidative potential | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Ammonia | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Levoglucosan to be measured as part of the chemical composition of PM2,5 | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total gaseous mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Particulate and gaseous divalent mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Nitric acid | Fixed or indicative measurements |
Section 2 – Measurements of mass concentration and chemical composition of PM2,5
A. Objectives
The main objectives of such measurements are to ensure that adequate information is made available on levels in urban background locations and rural background locations. That information is essential to judge the enhanced levels in more polluted areas (such as urban background locations, air pollution hotspots, industry related locations or traffic related locations), assess the possible contribution from long-range transport of pollutants, support source apportionment analysis and for the understanding of specific pollutants such as particulate matter. It is also essential for the increased use of modelling applications also in urban areas.
B. Substances
Measurement of PM2,5 shall include at least the total mass concentration and concentrations of appropriate compounds to characterise its chemical composition. At least the list of chemical species given below shall be included.
| SO4 2– | Na+ | NH4 + | Ca2+ | elemental carbon (EC) |
| NO3– | K+ | Cl– | Mg2+ | organic carbon (OC) |
C. Siting
Measurements shall be taken in urban background locations and rural background locations in accordance with Annex IV.
Section 3 – Measurements of ozone precursor substances
A. Objectives
The main objectives of measurements of ozone precursor substances are to analyse any trend in ozone precursors, to check the efficiency of emission reduction strategies, to check the consistency of emission inventories, to support the understanding of ozone formation and precursor dispersion processes, as well as the application of photochemical models, and to help attribute emission sources to observed pollution concentrations.
B. Substances
Measurement of ozone precursor substances shall include at least nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), and, as appropriate, methane (CH4) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). The selection of the specific compounds to be measured shall depend on the objective sought and may be complemented by other compounds of interest. Member States may use the method which they consider suitable for the objective sought. The reference method as specified under Annex VI applies for nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen.
A list of VOC recommended for measurement is given below:
| Chemical family | Substance | |||
| Trivial name | IUPAC name | Formula | CAS number | |
| Alcohols | Methanol | Methanol | CH4O | 67-56-1 |
| Ethanol | Ethanol | C2H6O | 64-17-5 | |
| Aldehyde | Formaldehyde | Methanal | CH2O | 50-00-0 |
| Acetaldehyde | Ethanal | C2H4O | 75-07-0 | |
| Methacrolein | 2-Methylprop-2-enal | C4H6O | 78-85-3 | |
| Alkynes | Acetylene | Ethyne | C2H2 | 74-86-2 |
| Alkanes | Ethane | Ethane | C2H6 | 74-84-0 |
| Propane | Propane | C3H8 | 74-98-6 | |
| n-Butane | Butane | C4H10 | 106-97-8 | |
| i-Butane | 2-Methylpropane | C4H10 | 75-28-5 | |
| n-Pentane | Pentane | C5H12 | 109-66-0 | |
| i-Pentane | 2-Methylbutane | C5H12 | 78-78-4 | |
| n-Hexane | Hexane | C6H14 | 110-54-3 | |
| i-Hexane | 2-Methylpentane | C6H14 | 107-83-5 | |
| n-Heptane | Heptane | C7H16 | 142-82-5 | |
| n-Octane | Octane | C8H18 | 111-65-9 | |
| i-Octane | 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane | C8H18 | 540-84-1 | |
| Alkenes | Ethylene | Ethene | C2H4 | 75-21-8 |
| Propene / Propylene | Propene | C3H6 | 115-07-1 | |
| 1,3-Butadiene | Buta-1,3-diene | C4H6 | 106-99-0 | |
| 1-Butene | But-1-ene | C4H8 | 106-98-9 | |
| Trans-2-Butene | (E)-but-2-ene | C4H8 | 624-64-6 | |
| cis-2-Butene | (Z)-but-2-ene | C4H8 | 590-18-1 | |
| 1-Pentene | Pent-1-ene | C5H10 | 109-67-1 | |
| 2-Pentene | (Z)-Pent-2-ene | C5H10 | 627-20-3 (cis-2 pentene) | |
| (E)-Pent-2-ene | 646-04-8 (trans-2 pentene) | |||
| Aromatic hydrocarbons | Benzene | Benzene | C6H6 | 71-43-2 |
| Toluene / Methylbenzene | Toluene | C7H8 | 108-88-3 | |
| Ethyl benzene | Ethylbenzene | C8H10 | 100-41-4 | |
| m + p-Xylene | 1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene) | C8H10 | 108-38-3 (m-Xylene) | |
| 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene) | 106-42-3 (p-Xylene) | |||
| o-Xylene | 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) | C8H10 | 95-47-6 | |
| 1,2,4-Trimethylebenzene | 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | C9H12 | 95-63-6 | |
| 1,2,3-Trimethylebenzene | 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | C9H12 | 526-73-8 | |
| 1,3,5-Trimethylebenzene | 1,3,5-Trimethylebenzene | C9H12 | 108-67-8 | |
| Ketones | Acetone | Propan-2-one | C3H6O | 67-64-1 |
| Methyl ethyl ketone | Butan-2-one | C4H8O | 78-93-3 | |
| Methyl vinyl ketone | 3-Buten-2-one | C4H6O | 78-94-4 | |
| Terpenes | Isoprene | 2-Methylbut-1,3-diene | C5H8 | 78-79-5 |
| p-Cymene | 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene | C10H14 | 99-87-6 | |
| Limonene | 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene | C10H16 | 138-86-3 | |
| β-Myrcene | 7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene | C10H16 | 123-35-3 | |
| α-Pinene | 2,6,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene | C10H16 | 80-56-8 | |
| β-Pinene | 6,6-Dimethyl-2-methyl-enebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane | C10H16 | 127-91-3 | |
| Camphene | 2,2-dimethyl-3-methyl-enebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane | C10H16 | 79-92-5 | |
| Δ3-Carene | 3,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene | C10H16 | 13466-78-9 | |
| 1,8-Cineol | 1,3,3 trimethyl 2 oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane | C10H18O | 470-82-6 |
C. Siting
Measurements shall be taken at sampling points set up in accordance with the requirements of this Directive and considered appropriate with regards to the monitoring objectives referred to in Point A of this Section.
Section 4 – MeasurementS of ultrafine particles (UFP)
A. Objectives
The objective of such measurements is to ensure that adequate information is available at locations where high concentrations of UFP occur that are mainly influenced by sources from air, water or road transport (such as airports, ports or roads), industrial sites or domestic heating. The information shall be appropriate to judge on enhanced levels of UFP concentrations from those sources.
B. Substances
UFP.
C. Siting
Sampling points shall be established in accordance with Annexes IV and V at a location where high UFP concentrations are likely to occur and downwind of the main sources within the relevant predominant wind direction of those sources.
(1) Benzo(a)pyrene and the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons referred to in Article 9(8).
(2) Where the siting of a monitoring supersite at an urban background location does not allow for the guidelines and criteria of EMEP to apply in accordance with Point C, point (f), of Annex IV, the corresponding deposition measurement may be performed at a separate urban background location within the area of representativeness.
(3) Benzo(a)pyrene and the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons referred to in Article 9(8).
ANNEX VIII
Information to be included in air quality plans and air quality roadmaps for improvement in ambient air quality
A. Information to be provided under Article 19(6)
1. Localisation of excess pollution
| (a) | region; |
| (b) | city/cities (maps); |
| (c) | sampling point(s) (map, geographical coordinates). |
2. General information
| (a) | type of zone (urban, industrial or rural area) or characteristics of the average exposure territorial unit or the territorial unit referred to in Article 19(2) (including urban, industrial or rural areas); |
| (b) | estimate of the polluted area (in km2) and of the population exposed to the pollution; |
| (c) | concentrations or the average exposure indicator of the relevant pollutant observed from at least 5 years prior to the exceedance up to the most recent data, including their comparison with limit values or average exposure reduction obligation and average exposure concentration objective. |
3. Responsible authorities
Names and addresses of the competent authorities responsible for the development and implementation of air quality plans or air quality roadmaps.
4. Origin of pollution taking into account reporting pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 and information provided in the national air pollution control programme
| (a) | list of the main emission sources responsible for pollution; |
| (b) | total quantity of emissions from these sources (in tonnes/year); |
| (c) | assessment of the level of emissions (e.g. city level, regional level, national level, and transboundary contributions); |
| (d) | source apportionment according to relevant sectors that contribute to the exceedance in the national air pollution control programme. |
5. Description of the baseline scenario used as a basis for the air quality plan or air quality roadmap to demonstrate the effects of non-action, including a projected evolution of both emissions and concentrations.
6. Identification and details of air pollution abatement measures that can be considered for selection:
| (a) | listing and description of all the measures considered in the air quality plan or air quality roadmap, including the identification of the competent authority in charge of their implementation; |
| (b) | quantification or estimation of emission reduction (in tonnes/year) and, where available, concentration reductions of each measure referred to in point (a). |
7. Measures selected and their expected impact to reach compliance within the timelines established in Article 19:
| (a) | listing of measures selected, including a list of information (such as modelling and assessment results of measures) to reach the air quality standard concerned in accordance with Annex I; if relevant, where the list of measures pursuant to point 6(a) of this Point includes measures with possible high potential to improve air quality, but they have not been selected for adoption, an explanation of the reasons why the measures are not selected for adoption; |
| (b) | timetable for implementation of each measure and responsible actors; |
| (c) | quantification of emission reduction (in tonnes/year), from the combination of measures referred to in point (a) of this point; |
| (d) | expected quantified concentration reduction (in μg/m3) at each sampling point in exceedance of limit values, target values or of the average exposure indicator in case of an exceedance of the average exposure reduction obligation, from the set of measures referred to in point (a) of this point; |
| (e) | indicative trajectory towards compliance and estimated year of compliance per air pollutant covered by the air quality roadmap or air quality plan taking into account the set of measures referred to in point (a) of this point; |
| (f) | for air quality roadmaps and air quality plans, reasons to explain how such plans or roadmaps set out measures to ensure that the exceedance period is kept as short as possible, including on the implementation timetable. |
8. Annex 1 to air quality plans or air quality roadmaps: Further background information
| (a) | climatic data; |
| (b) | data on topography; |
| (c) | information on the type of targets requiring protection in the zone, where applicable; |
| (d) | listing and description of all additional measures, that unfold their full impact on ambient air pollutant concentrations in 3 years or more; |
| (e) | socioeconomic information on the related area, in order to promote environmental equity issues and the protection of sensitive population and vulnerable groups; |
| (f) | a description of the method used and the assumptions made or data used for the projections of the evolution of air quality including, where possible, the margin of uncertainty of projections and sensitivity scenarios to take into account best case, most likely and worst case scenarios; |
| (g) | background documents and information used for the assessment. |
9. Annex 2 to air quality plans or air quality roadmaps: A summary of the public information and consultation measures undertaken pursuant to Article 19(7), their results and an explanation of how these results were taken into account in the final air quality plan or air quality roadmap.
10. Annex 3 to air quality plans or air quality roadmaps: Evaluation of measures (in case of an air quality plan update)
| (a) | assessment of timetable of measures from the previous air quality plan; |
| (b) | estimate of impact on emission reduction and pollutant concentrations of measures from the previous air quality plan. |
B. Indicative list of air pollution abatement measures
1. Information concerning the status of implementation of the Directives referred to in Article 14(3), point (b), of Directive (EU) 2016/2284.
2. Information on all air pollution abatement measures that have been considered at local, regional or national level for implementation in connection with the attainment of air quality objectives, such as:
| (a) | reduction of emissions from stationary sources by ensuring that polluting small and medium-sized stationary combustion sources (including for biomass) are fitted with emission control equipment or replaced, and that the energy efficiency of buildings is improved; |
| (b) | reduction of emissions from vehicles through retrofitting with zero emissions powertrains and emission control equipment; the use of economic incentives to accelerate take-up shall be considered; |
| (c) | procurement by public authorities, in line with the handbook on green public procurement, of fuels, combustion equipment to reduce emissions and zero-emission vehicles as defined in Article 3(1), point (m), of Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council (1); |
| (d) | reduction of emissions through the uptake of zero- and low-emission collective and public transport vehicles or vehicles equipped with modern digital solutions affecting emissions reduction; |
| (e) | measures to improve the quality, efficiency, affordability and connectivity of collective and public transport; |
| (f) | measures related to the uptake and implementation of alternative fuel infrastructure; |
| (g) | measures to limit transport emissions through urban planning and traffic management, including:
|
| (h) | measures to encourage a modal shift towards active mobility and less polluting forms of transport (e.g walking, cycling, public transport or rail), including:
|
| (i) | measures to encourage a shift towards zero-emission vehicles and non-road machinery for both private and commercial applications; |
| (j) | measures to ensure that low emission fuels are given preference in small-, medium- and large-scale stationary sources and in mobile sources; |
| (k) | measures to reduce air pollution from industrial sources under Directive 2010/75/EU, and through the use of economic instruments such as taxes, charges or emission trading, while taking into account specificities of SMEs; |
| (l) | reduction of emissions from maritime and air transport through the use of alternative fuels and deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, as well as the use of economic incentives to accelerate their take-up, and establishing specific requirements for ships and boats at berth and port traffic, while speeding up onshore power supply and electrification of ships and port working machinery; |
| (m) | measures to reduce emissions from agriculture; |
| (n) | measures to protect the health of children or other sensitive population and vulnerable groups; |
| (o) | measures to encourage behavioural changes. |
(1) Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 13).
ANNEX IX
Emergency measures to be considered for inclusion in the short-term action plans required under Article 20
Measures to be considered in the short term aimed at addressing the sources which contribute to the risk of the alert threshold being exceeded, depending on local circumstances and on the pollutant considered:
| (a) | restricting the circulation of vehicles, specifically around locations frequented by sensitive population and vulnerable groups; |
| (b) | low-fare or fare-free public transportation; |
| (c) | suspending operations at construction works; |
| (d) | street cleaning; |
| (e) | flexible work arrangements. |
ANNEX X
Public information
1. Member States shall provide to the public at least the following information:
| (a) | hourly up-to-date data per sampling point of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2,5), carbon monoxide and ozone; this shall apply to information from all sampling points where up-to-date information is available, and at least to information from the minimum number of sampling points required under Annex III if the measurement method is appropriate for up-to-date data (UTD), notwithstanding that Member States provide to the public as much UTD information as possible and progressively adapt their measurement methods to this effect; when available, up-to-date information resulting from modelling applications shall also be provided; |
| (b) | measured concentrations of all pollutants and, where possible, how they compare with the most recent guideline values recommended by the WHO, presented according to the appropriate periods as laid down in Annex I; |
| (c) | information on observed exceedance(s) of any limit value, target value, and average exposure reduction obligation, including at least:
|
| (d) | information regarding impacts on health, including at least:
|
| (e) | information regarding impacts on vegetation; |
| (f) | information on preventive actions to reduce pollution and exposure to it: indication of main source sectors; recommendations for actions to reduce emissions; |
| (g) | information on measuring campaigns or similar activities and their results where performed. |
2. Member States shall ensure that timely information about actual or predicted exceedances of alert thresholds, and any information threshold, is provided to the public; details supplied shall include at least the following information:
| (a) | information on observed exceedance(s):
|
| (b) | forecast for the following afternoon/day(s):
|
| (c) | information on the type of population concerned, possible health effects and recommended behaviour:
|
| (d) | information on short-term action plans and preventive actions to reduce pollution or exposure to it: indication of main source sectors; recommendations for action to reduce emissions from anthropogenic sources; |
| (e) | recommendations for action to reduce exposure; |
| (f) | in the case of predicted exceedances, Member States shall take steps to ensure that such details are supplied to the extent practicable. |
3. When an exceedance occurs or when there is a risk of exceedance of any limit value, target value, average exposure reduction obligation, alert thresholds or information thresholds, Member States shall ensure that the information referred to in this Annex is additionally promoted to the public.
ANNEX XI
PART A
Repealed Directives with lists of the successive amendments thereto (referred to in Article 31)
| Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 23, 26.1.2005, p. 3). | |
| Regulation (EC) No 219/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 87, 31.3.2009, p. 109). | only point 3.8 of the Annex |
| Commission Directive (EU) 2015/1480 (OJ L 226, 29.8.2015, p. 4). | only Articles 1 and 2 |
| Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p. 1). |
PART B
Time-limits for transposition into national law (referred to in Article 31)
| Directive | Time-limit for transposition |
| 2004/107/EC | 15 February 2007 |
| 2008/50/EC | 11 June 2010 |
| (EU) 2015/1480 | 31 December 2016 |
ANNEX XII
Correlation table
| This Directive | Directive 2008/50/EC | Directive 2004/107/EC |
| Article 1 | — | — |
| Article 2 | Article 1 | Article 1 |
| Article 3 | Article 32 | Article 8 |
| Article 4 | Article 2 | Article 2 |
| Article 5 | Article 3 | — |
| Article 6 | Article 4 | Article 4(1) |
| Article 7 | Article 5 and Article 9(2) Annex II, Section B | Article 4(2), (3) and (6) Annex II, Section II |
| Article 8 | Article 6 and Article 9(1) | Article 4(1) to (5) and (10) |
| Article 9 | Articles 7 and 10 Annex V, Section A, point 1, footnote 1 | Article 4(7), (8) and (11) |
| Article 10 | — | Article 4(9) |
| Article 11 | Articles 8 and 11 | Article 4(12) and (13) |
| Article 12 | Article 12, Article 17(1) and (3) and Article 18 | Article 3(2) |
| Article 13 | Article 13 and 15, Article 16(2) and Article 17(1) | Article 3(1) and (3) |
| Article 14 | Article 14 | — |
| Article 15 | Article 19, first paragraph | — |
| Article 16 | Article 20 | — |
| Article 17 | Article 21 | — |
| Article 18 | Article 22 | — |
| Article 19 | Article 17(2) and Article 23 | Article 3(3) and Article 5(2) |
| Article 20 | Article 24 | — |
| Article 21 | Article 25 | — |
| Article 22 | Article 26 | Article 7 |
| Article 23 | Article 19, second paragraph, and Article 27 Annex III, Section D | Article 5(1) and (4) |
| Article 24 | Article 28 | Article 4(15) |
| Article 25 | — | — |
| Article 26 | Article 29 | Article 6 |
| Article 27 | — | — |
| Article 28 | — | — |
| Article 29 | Article 30 | Article 9 |
| Article 30 | Article 33 | Article 10 |
| Article 31 | Article 31 | — |
| Article 32 | Article 34 | Article 11 |
| Article 33 | Article 35 | Article 12 |
| Annex I | Annexes VII, XI, XII, XIII and XIV | Annex I |
| Annex II | Annex II, Section B | Annex II, Section I |
| Annex III | Annexes V and IX | Annex III, Section IV |
| Annex IV | Annexes III and VIII | Annex III, Sections I, II and III |
| Annex V | Annex I | Annex IV |
| Annex VI | Annex VI | Annex V |
| Annex VII | Annexes IV and X | — |
| Annex VIII | Annex XV | — |
| Annex IX | — | — |
| Annex X | Annex XVI | — |
| Annex XI | — | — |
| Annex XII | Annex XVII | — |
ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2881/oj
ISSN 1977-0677 (electronic edition)