Explanatory Memorandum to COM(2018)553 - 29th Annual Report on the Protection of the EU’s financial interests — Fight against fraud - 2017

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dossier COM(2018)553 - 29th Annual Report on the Protection of the EU’s financial interests — Fight against fraud - 2017.
source COM(2018)553 EN
date 03-09-2018
EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Contents

1.

Brussels, 3.9.2018 COM(2018) 553 final


REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND

THE COUNCIL

29th Annual Report on the Protection of the European Union’s financial interests —

Fight against fraud - 2017

{SWD(2018) 381 final} -{SWD(2018) 384 final}

{SWD(2018) 382 final} -{SWD(2018) 385 final}

{SWD(2018) 383 final} -{SWD(2018) 386 final}

TABLE OF CONTENTS

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 29th annual report on the protection of the European Union’s financial interests and the fight

against fraud (2017)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 5

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7

2. HARMONISING AND REINFORCING THE FIGHT AGAINST FRAUD ACROSS THE EU: CROSS-CUTTING ANTI-FRAUD POLICIES, MEASURES AND RESULTS ...................... 7

2.1. A new legal landscape: legislative acts adopted by the EU institutions .................................... 7

2.1.1. Directive on the fight against fraud to the EU’s financial interests by means of criminal law ..... 7

2.

2.1.2. Regulation implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of EPPO ......................... 8


2.2. Shaping the future: European institutions’ legislative and policy initiatives .......................... 9

3.

2.2.1. Evaluation of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 ................................................................... 9


4.

2.2.2. Fighting corruption in the EU ............................................................................................................ 9


5.

2.2.3. Proposal to revise the Financial Regulation and certain sectoral financial rules (Omnibus) .... 10


6.

2.2.4. International cooperation ................................................................................................................ 10


7.

2.2.5. Commission Anti-Fraud Strategy (CAFS) ....................................................................................... 11


8.

2.2.6. Implementation of the Hercule programme ................................................................................... 11


2.3. CJEU jurisprudence ..................................................................................................................... 11

9.

2.3.1. Limitation periods: the Alytaus and Glencore cases ...................................................................... 12


10.

2.3.2. VAT: the M.A.S. case .......................................................................................................................... 12


2.4. Measures taken by Member States ............................................................................................ 12

11.

2.4.1. Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 12


12.

2.4.1.1. National anti-fraud strategies (NAFS) ........................................................................................ 12


13.

2.4.1.2. Public procurement and corruption .......................................................................................... 12


14.

2.4.1.3. Other measures ............................................................................................................................ 13


15.

2.4.2. Implementation of 2016 recommendations ................................................................................... 13


2.5. Summary of statistics concerning detected irregularities and fraud ..................................... 14

16.

2.5.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities .................................................................................................. 15


17.

2.5.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities ................................................................... 15


18.

2.5.3. OLAF investigations ......................................................................................................................... 16


3. ANTI-FRAUD POLICIES, MEASURES AND RESULTS — REVENUE .......................... 17

3.1. EU institutions’ anti-fraud measures – revenue ....................................................................... 17

19.

3.1.1. Mutual administrative assistance ................................................................................................... 17


20.

3.1.1.1. Implementation of Article 43b of Regulation (EC) No 515/97 ................................................ 17


21.

3.1.1.2. Anti-Fraud Information System (AFIS) ...................................................................................... 17


22.

3.1.1.3. Joint customs operations (JCOs) ................................................................................................. 18


23.

3.1.2. Mutual assistance and anti-fraud provisions in international agreements ................................. 19


24.

3.1.3. Fight against illicit trade in tobacco products ................................................................................ 19


25.

3.1.4. Fight against VAT fraud ................................................................................................................... 19


3.2. Member States’ anti-fraud measures – revenue ....................................................................... 20

26.

3.3.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities ................................................................... 21


4. SECTORAL ANTI-FRAUD POLICIES, MEASURES AND RESULTS — EXPENDITURE 21

4.1. Member States’ sectoral anti-fraud policies and measures involving several expenditure sectors 21

4.2. Agriculture — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results ......................................... 21

4.2.1. Agriculture — Member States’ anti-fraud measures ..................................................................... 21

4.2.2. Agriculture — statistics on detected irregularities and fraud ...................................................... 21

27.

4.2.2.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities .............................................................................................. 21


28.

4.2.2.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities ............................................................... 22


4.3. Cohesion policy and fisheries — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results ........... 23

4.3.1. Cohesion policy and fisheries — Member States’ anti-fraud measures ....................................... 23

4.3.2. Cohesion policy and fisheries — statistics on detected irregularities and fraud ........................ 24

29.

4.3.2.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities .............................................................................................. 24


30.

4.3.2.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities ............................................................... 25


4.4. Indirect management (pre-accession) — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results 25

4.4.1. Indirect management (pre-accession) — statistics on detected irregularities and fraud .......... 25

4.5. Direct management — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results ........................... 25

4.5.1. Direct management — statistics on detected irregularities and fraud ........................................ 25

31.

4.5.1.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities .............................................................................................. 25


32.

4.5.1.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities ............................................................... 25


5. RECOVERY AND OTHER PREVENTIVE AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES ................ 26

6. COOPERATION WITH THE MEMBER STATES .............................................................. 26

7. EARLY DETECTION AND EXCLUSION SYSTEM ............................................................. 26

8. FOLLOW-UP TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION ON THE 2016 ANNUAL REPORT ........................................................................................................................... 27

9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 27

9.1. Revenue ....................................................................................................................................... 27

9.2. Expenditure ................................................................................................................................. 28

9.3. Cooperation at all levels ............................................................................................................. 29

ANNEX 1 — IRREGULARITIES REPORTED AS FRAUDULENT IN 2017 ......................... 30

ANNEX 2 — IRREGULARITIES NOT REPORTED AS FRAUDULENT IN 2017 ................ 31

ANNEX 3 — LIST OF ACCOMPANYING STAFF WORKING DOCUMENTS ....................... 32

Table of figures

33.

Figure 1: Legislative highlights - 2017 ................................................................................................................ 8


Figure 2: Court of Justice jurisprudence on PIF related matters - 2017 ......................................................... 12

Figure 3: Irregularities reported as fraudulent in 2017 ................................................................................. 14

Figure 4: Irregularities reported as fraudulent and their related amounts, 2013-2017 ............................ 15

Figure 5: Irregularities not reported as fraudulent in 2017 .......................................................................... 16

Figure 6: Ongoing investigations at the end of 2017, divided by sector ................................................................... 16

Figure 7: Policy highlights in the Revenue areas ............................................................................................... 17

Figure 8: Joint Customs Operations in 2017 ............................................................................................................ 18

Figure 9: Most significant patterns emerging from the analysis of irregularities detected and reported in

34.

2017 ............................................................................................................................................................ 20


Figure 10: Main facts and figures concerning agricultural policy .................................................................. 22

Figure 11: Market measures most affected by irregularities (fraudulent and non-fraudulent) .............................. 22

Figure 12: Main facts and figures concerning the cohesion and fisheries policies .................................................... 23

Figure 13: focus on PP 2007-13 .............................................................................................................................. 24

Figure 14: Structure of COCOLAF and its subgroups .............................................................................................. 25

Executive summary

The 2017 annual report on the Protection of the European Union’s financial interests (PIF Report) is presented by the Commission in cooperation with the Member States under Article 325 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).

Two major legislative achiements

In 2017, two major legislative acts were adopted, which will enhance convergence towards an effective and equivalent level of protection of the EU budget, in particular against cross-border fraud:

• the Directive on the fight against fraud to the EU’s financial interests by means of criminal law (so called 'PIF Directive')

• the Regulation implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO).

The adoption of these two acts follows several years of negotiations and is testimony to the European institutions’ and the Member States’ commitment to the fight against fraud detrimental to the Union’s financial interests.

Legislative and policy initiatives

These acts will require the adaptation of the current anti-fraud set-up in order to ensure effective coordination between competent bodies and authorities.

This work will continue for the next few years, in particular in relation to the preparation of the legal framework governing the 2021-2027 multiannual financial framework.

The first step was the evaluation of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 (OLAF mandate and powers), which highlighted the results it had achieved but also its shortcomings in view of the establishment of EPPO.

In 2017, the Commission also:

• continued its regular exercise of assessing developments and addressing country specific recommendations to Member States in relation to the fight against corruption in the framework of the European Semester process;

• made available a budget of EUR 14.95 million via the Hercule III programme to boost Member States’ operational and administrative capacity;

• successfully negotiated anti-fraud provisions in the EU’s international agreements; and

• launched an evaluation of the Commission Anti-Fraud Strategy with a view to updating it.

CJEU jurisprudence

In 2017, three rulings by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) added to the jurisprudence concerning the protection of the EU’s financial interests. Two of them (in the Alytaus and Glencore cases) dealt with issues relating to periods of limitation, while the third (MAS. and M.B.) related to VAT, in particular clarifying some aspects of the Taricco judgment.

Highlights in the revenue areas

The Commission adopted a legislative proposal to make the EU VAT system simpler, more fraud-proof and close loopholes in cross-border trade by strengthening administrative cooperation instruments between tax authorites and with other law enforcement authorities.

Mutual assistance agreements were concluded with Mercosur and Azerbaijan. The anti-fraud clause was successfully incorporated in the free trade agreement with Japan.

OLAF coordinated or supported 11 joint customs operations that successfully targeted various threats, such as cigarette smuggling, revenue fraud, counterfeit products, illicit cash movements and narcotics.

In financial terms, imported solar panels were the goods most affected by fraud and irregularities. In many instances, irregularities involving solar panels were detected following a Mutual Assistance notice issued by OLAF.

An infringement procedure was launched in relation to undervaluation affecting traditional and VAT own resources revenue that had been detected in the United Kingdom.

Highlights in the expenditure areas

The Omnibus Regulation promotes the simplification and clarification of financial rules. In 2017, the provisions relating to agriculture were adopted, while the draft changes to the remaining expenditure sectors should be adopted in 2018.

35.

The Advisory Committee for Coordination of


on red flags and best practices in public procurement and irregularity reporting.

Analysis of fraudulent and non-fraudulent irregularities detected and reported by national authorities confirmed the 2016 findings as regards the main sectors at risk.

State. This number reflects the results of Member States’ work to counter fraud and other illegal activities affecting the EU’s financial interests. The figures should not be interpreted as indicating the level of fraud in the Member States’ territories.

36.

It also highlighted detection methods that have helped in the identification and targeting of fraudulent and non-fraudulent cases of


significant financial value. These involve risk analysis, tips from informants, whistleblowing and information from the media.

The same analysis also points to the positive results achieved through closer coordination between judicial and administrative authorities.

On the basis of these findings, specific recommendations are addressed to national authorities to structure and make systematic use of inputs from the above sources.

Member States’ anti-fraud measures

Member States reported the adoption of 73 major measures to protect the EU’s financial interests and fight fraud. These cover the entire anti-fraud cycle, but focus in particular on detection and prevention. They relate mainly to the control of funds under shared management.

The majority of Member States reported on the number and nature of measures taken as follow-up to the 2016 recommendations; this can be considered positive, but there is still room for improvement.

Detection and reporting of fraudulent and non-fraudulent irregularities that affect the EU budget

In 2017, a total of 15 213 fraudulent and non-fraudulent irregularities were reported to the Commission, 20.8 % fewer than in 2016. They involved approximately EUR 2.58 billion, 8.6 % down from the previous year.

The 1 146 irregularities reported as fraudulent involved about EUR 467 million of expenditure or revenue.

The detection of an irregularity implies that corrective measures have been taken in order to recover the irregular financial amounts involved and that criminal proceedings have been launched if fraud is suspected.

1.

Introduction

Each year, under Article 325(5) TFEU, the Commission, in cooperation with the Member States, submits a report to the European Parliament and the Council on measures taken to counter fraud and other illegal activities affecting the EU’s financial interests.

The EU and the Member States share responsibility for protecting the EU’s financial interests and fighting fraud. Member State authorities manage approximately 74 % of EU expenditure and collect traditional own resources (TOR). The Commission oversees both these areas, sets standards and verifies compliance. To protect the EU’s financial interests effectively, the Commission and the Member States have to work closely together.

This report assesses this cooperation with a view to improving it; to this end, it:

• provides a summary of measures taken at EU and Member State level to counter fraud;

• includes an analysis of national and European bodies’ main achievements in detecting fraud and irregularities relating to EU expenditure and revenue. This is based in particular on detected irregularities and fraud reported by the Member States in compliance with sectoral regulations.

The report is accompanied by six Commission Staff Working Documents (SWD), listed in Annex 3.1

approaches to fighting fraud and irregularities affecting the EU’s financial interests.

Investigations by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) have shown the increasing occurrence of transnational fraud cases.

Two major legislative acts adopted in 2017 will ensure convergence towards an effective and equivalent level of protection of the EU budget, in particular against cross-border fraud:

1. the Directive on the fight against fraud to the EU’s financial interests by means of criminal law (the PIF Directive);2 and

2. the Regulation implementing enhanced cooperation on the establishment of the European Public Prosecutor’s Office

(EPPO).3

The adoption of these two acts follows several years of negotiations and is testimony to the European institutions’ and the Member States’ commitment to the fight against fraud

detrimental to the Union’s financial interests.

2.1.1. Directive on the fight against fraud to the EU’s financial interests by means of criminal law

The Directive replaces the 1995 Convention on the protection of the European Communities’ financial interests and its protocols (the PIF Convention)4 for the 26 Member States bound by it. The PIF Convention remains applicable to Denmark and the UK.

2. Harmonising and reinforcing the fight

against fraud across the EU:

cross-cutting anti-fraud policies,

measures and results

2.1. A new legal landscape: legislative acts adopted by the EU institutions

37.

In recent years, the Commission has underlined the differences in national authorities’


(i) Implementation of Article 325 by the Member States

in 2017;

(ii) Statistical evaluation of irregularities reported for

own resources, natural resources, cohesion policy and

pre-accession assistance and direct expenditure;

(iii) Follow-up of recommendations to the Commission

report on the protection of the EU’s financial interests —

fight against fraud, 2016;

(iv) Early Detection and Exclusion System (EDES) — Panel

referred to in Article 108 of the Financial Regulation;

(v) Annual overview with information on the results of

Directive (EU) 2017/1371 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2017 on the fight against fraud to the Union's financial interests by means of criminal law, OJ L 198, 28.7.2017, p. 29–41. Council Regulation (EU) 2017/1939 of 12 October 2017

38.

implementing enhanced cooperation


the


1

I

3

on

Figure 1: Legislative highlights – 2017

The PIF Directive:

• harmonises the definitions, sanctions and applicable time limitations of criminal offences affecting the Union's financial interests, including fraud, corruption, money laundering and misappropriation;

• applies to cross-border VAT fraud cases involving total damage of at least EUR 10 million;

• sets two years for transposition (by 6 July 2019).
The European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO)

• set up through enhanced cooperation (initially 20 Member States);

• its establishment was one of the Commission's key priorities in the area of criminal justice and part of the overall strategy to combat fraud against the EU budget;

• competent for investigating, prosecuting and bringing to justice criminal offences affecting the financial interests of the Union, as provided by the 'PIF Directive';

• expected to bring a more consistent and effective prosecution policy for crimes affecting the EU budget: higher number of prosecutions, convictions and a greater level of recoveries.

2.1.2. Regulation implementing enhanced

cooperation on the establishment of EPPO

Participating Member States:

Other Member States may join in the future.5


2.2. Shaping the future: European institutions’ legislative and policy initiatives

The new acts will require the adaptation of the current anti-fraud set-up to the latest developments in order to ensure the necessary coordination between the competent bodies and authorities. This work will continue over the next few years, in particular in relation to the preparation of the legal framework governing the 2021-2027 Multiannual Financial Framework .

The next section provides an overview of major developments as regards Commission policy and legislative initiatives in 2017.

2.2.1. Evaluation of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013

Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/20136 is the centrepiece of the legal framework governing OLAF’s mandate to conduct administrative investigations into fraud, corruption and other illegal activity affecting the EU’s financial interests.

On 2 October 2017, pursuant to Article 19 of the Regulation, the Commission adopted a report on the evaluation of its application.7

The evaluation concludes that the Regulation has allowed OLAF to fulfil its mandate with concrete results, bringing clear improvements as regards the conduct of investigations, cooperation with partners and the rights of persons concerned. At the same time, it highlights some shortcomings that impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of OLAF’s investigations. These relate, inter alia, to:

• OLAF’s investigative tools;

• the enforcement of OLAF’s powers;

uniform conditions in the conduct of internal investigations in EU institutions, bodies, offices and agencies;

Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 September 2013 concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1073/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Council Regulation (Euratom) No 1074/1999 (OJ L 248, 18.9.2013, p.

1).

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on Evaluation of the application of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 (COM(2017) 589); eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM:2017:589:FIN and the accompanying SWD(2017) 332; eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF:2017:332:FIN&from=EN. The report was supported by an independent study (Evaluation of the application of Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013 concerning investigations conducted by the European Anti-Fraud Office ) and based on a wide-ranging stakeholder consultation, including a conference involving about 250 participants from a broad range of stakeholder groups. It was also accompanied by OLAF’s Supervisory

divergences in the recommendations;

39.

follow-up to OLAF


• Member States’ and EU institutions’, bodies’, offices’ and agencies’ duties of cooperation;

• the overall coherence of the legal framework applicable to OLAF investigations;

• the possibility of accessing bank account information; and

• the clarity of OLAF’s mandate in the area of VAT.

In relation to the establishment of EPPO (see section 2.1) and its impact on OLAF’s work, the evaluation clearly acknowledges the need to further regulate the relationship between the two bodies and calls for swift adaptations to OLAF’s operation to ensure that the legal framework is fit for purpose.

The Commission adopted on 23 May 2018 a targeted proposal to amend the Regulation, primarily driven by the establishment of the EPPO, while also addressing the most unambiguous findings of the evaluation to ensure that OLAF remains a strong and fully-functioning partner to the EPPO.

The EPPO Regulation already contains provisions to regulate the relationship between EPPO and OLAF. These are based on the principles of close cooperation, exchange of information, complementarity and avoidance of duplication. The rules need to be mirrored and complemented by amendments to Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 883/2013, with the overall objective of strengthening the fight against fraud affecting the Union budget through an integrated policy under which a strong and fully functioning OLAF carries out administrative investigations to complement EPPO’s criminal law approach.

The focus is on areas in which the Regulation currently gives rise to significant divergences in the way OLAF operates across Member States, such as on-the-spot checks and inspections, access to bank account information and assistance from national authorities.

2.2.2. Fighting corruption in the EU

40.

In 2017 the fight against corruption was a priority in the European Semester process of economic



6

governance. Several Country Reports8 included an assesment of the anti-corruption legal, policy and institutional landscape, including progress and remaining challenges.

proposal12 for a comprehensive and ambitious revision of the Financial Regulation13 and

corresponding changes to the sectoral financial rules for a variety of multiannual programmes.

41.

Several Member States also received


recommendations9 that they take action to improve transparency, enhance prevention of conflicts of interests, fight informal payments in healthcare or step up anti-corruption efforts in public administration, the judiciary and public procurement.

42.

In the framework of the EU anti-corruption experience-sharing programme, the Commission organised three experience-sharing worksops in 2017, gathering around 100 anti-corruption


practitioners and experts from Member States national administrations, international

organisations, civil society, academia and other stakeholders. These workshops facilitated the exchange of best-practices in the following thematic areas: anti-corruption indicators

(Brussels, March 2017), conflicts of interests and revolving doors (Barcelona, June 2017), and the economic impact of corruption, (Brussels,

December 2017).

A call for proposals10 for projects designed to prevent and combat corruption in the Member States was launched in December 2017, with a total value of MEUR 2.2.

The Commission and OLAF participated actively in several European and international anti-corruption fora, such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Anti-Corruption Working Group of the G20 and the European Partners Against Corruption (EPAC) / the European Contact-Point Network Against

Corruption (EACN). EACN adopted the Lisbon Declaration of November 201711 calling on European decision-makers to strengthen the fight against corruption.

2.2.3. Proposal to revise the Financial Regulation and certain sectoral financial rules (Omnibus)

In 2017, the European Parliament and the Council deliberated on the Commission’s September 2016

https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/2017-european-semester-country-reports_en

https://ec.europa.eu/info/publications/2017-european-semester-country-specific-recommendations-commission-recommendations_en ISFP-2017-AG-CORRUPT.

The proposal is aimed at modernising and simplifying the Union’s financial rules and strengthening the systems in place to protect the EU budget against fraud and financial

irregularities. Inter alia, it tightens rules on tax avoidance for EU implementing partners and clarifies that the duty to avoid conflicts of interest applies to all modes of implementation of EU funds (including at Member State level). Simplification itself should cut the number of errors, but also increase the impact of the policies and their results on the ground.

In the legislative negotiations, at the Parliament’s request, the grounds for the exclusion of unreliable recipients of EU funding were strengthened further, notably with regard to ‘shell companies’. Some of the proposed changes, relating to agricultural policies, were enacted separately as Regulation (EU) 2017/2393,14 while it is expected that the new Financial Regulation and the amendments to the remaining sectoral rules will be adopted in the third quarter of 2018.

2.2.4. International cooperation

43.

To combat fraud against the EU budget beyond the EU borders more effectively, the Commission


12 Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union and amending Regulation (EC) No 2012/2002, Regulations (EU) No 1296/2013, (EU) 1301/2013, (EU) No 1303/2013, EU No 1304/2013, (EU) No 1305/2013, (EU) No 1306/2013, (EU) No 1307/2013, (EU) No 1308/2013, (EU) No 1309/2013, (EU) No 1316/2013, (EU) No 223/2014,(EU) No 283/2014, (EU) No 652/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No 541/2014/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council (COM(2016) 605).

13 Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 966/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on the financial rules applicable to the general budget of the Union and repealing Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1605/2002 (OJ L 298, 26.10.2012, p.1), as last amended by Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 2015/1929 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 October 2015 (OJ L 286, 30.10.2015, p.

1).

14 Regulation (EU) 2017/2393 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2017 amending Regulations (EU) No 1305/2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD), (EU) No 1306/2013 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy, (EU) No 1307/2013 establishing rules for direct payments to farmers under support schemes within the framework of the common agricultural policy, (EU) No 1308/2013 establishing a common organisation of the markets in agricultural products and (EU) No 652/2014 laying down provisions for the management of expenditure


9

10

continued to include anti-fraud provisions in agreements with non-EU countries and in templates for grant and delegation agreements with international financial institutions and other international organisations.

In 2017, OLAF organised two events to support non-EU countries:

• its annual seminar (held in Montenegro), for partner authorities in candidate and potential candidate countries, on best practices in the detection and reporting of fraud; and

• an anti-fraud workshop with the participation of all relevant anti-fraud and anti-corruption services in Georgia, to assit them implement the anti-fraud provisions in the EU-Georgia Association Agreement.

OLAF also signed administrative cooperation arrangements with partner authorities in Tunisia and Kosovo.15

2.2.5. Commission Anti-Fraud Strategy (CAFS)

The Commission is considering updating the CAFS that was adopted on 24 June 2011,16 the objective of which is to improve prevention, detection and investigation of fraud and ensure that appropriate sanctioning, recovery and deterrence are high on the Commission’s agenda.

Most CAFS's actions have now been finalised or are ongoing. All 49 Commission departments have introduced sectoral Anti-Fraud Strategies (AFS) for their respective policy areas.

In 2017, the Commission carried out an evaluation of the overall implementation of the CAFS. The evaluation measures the progress achieved since the adoption of the CAFS in 2011 against the stated objectives, taking account of developments in terms of EU policies in the anti-fraud landscape, corresponding fraud risks and emerging fraud patterns. The results are to serve as a basis for decision making to which extent the CAFS needs to be updated. The evaluation will cover the period since the adoption of the CAFS and assess its relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and coherence.

2.2.6. Implementation of the Hercule programme

The 2014-2020 Hercule III programme17 promotes activities to counter fraud, corruption and any

With Tunisia’s General Finance Inspectorate and the Kosovo* police, respectively.

* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

other illegal activities affecting the EU’s financial interests. In 2017, the fourth year of its implementation, a budget of EUR 14.95 million was made available18 for:

• funding actions to strengthen the operational and technical capacity of customs and police forces in the Member States, and IT support (75 % of the programme’s budget); and

• training activities and conferences, including digital forensic training for staff employed by law enforcement agencies in the Member States and partner countries (25 % of the budget).

Beneficiaries of Hercule III grants reported substantial successes achieved with the help of equipment and training funded under the programme,19 such as:

• seizures of smuggled and counterfeit cigarettes and tobacco;

• detection of new fraud schemes and networks of organised crime groups; and

• operations and investigations into irregularities and corruption perpetrated against the financial interests of the Union.

2.3. CJEU jurisprudence

In 2017, three rulings by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) added to the jurisprudence on the protection of the EU’s financial interests. Two (in the Alytaus20 and Glencore cases)21 dealt with issues relating to periods of limitation, while the third (MAS. and M.B)22 related to VAT, in

programme to promote activities in the field of the protection of the financial interests of the European Union (Hercule III programme) and repealing Decision No 804/2004/EC (OJ L 84, 20.3.2014, p.

6).

18 Commission Decision C(2017) 1120 final of 22 February 2017.

19 For details, see the SWD referred to in footnote 1, point (v).

20 Case C-436/15, Request for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Lietuvos vyriausiasis administracinis teismas (Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania), made by decision of 10 July 2015, received at the Court on 10 August 2015, in the proceedings Lietuvos Respublikos aplinkos ministerijos Aplinkos projektų valdymo agentüra v ‘Alytaus regiono atliekų tvarkymo centras’ UAB, judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 15 June 2017.;

curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf ?text=&docid=191811&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=l st&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=120020

21 Case C-584/15 Glencore Céréales France v Établissement national des produits de l’agriculture et de la mer (FranceAgriMer), judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber), 2 March 2017;

curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf ;jsessionid=9ea7d0f130de433267059163433db6acf2f7ed8 ab2e8.e34KaxiLc3eQc40LaxqMbN4Pb38Me0?text=&docid= 188526&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=f


15

particular clarifying some aspects of the Taricco judgment.

Figure 2: CJEU jurisprudence on PIF-related matters (2017)

f

Umitationl periods

AlytOUS Glencore

(C-436/15) (C-584/15)

Glencore ■ M.A.S. &

//- i-nyi /ir\ ^1 IVI.D.

(C-42/17)

2.3.1. Limitation periods: the Alytaus and Glencore cases

In Alytaus, the Court clarified the meaning of the limitation period23 for an irregularity committed in the context of a multiannual programme and in the case of ‘continuous or repeated’ irregularity. It also clarified when a multiannual programme can be regarded as ‘definitively terminated’.

In Glencore, the Court provided further

clarifications as regards the interpretation of the provisions referred to in Article 3(1) and (4) of Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2988/95 with reference to the recovery of claims.

2.3.2. VAT: the M.A.S. case

As a result of the M.A.S. judgement, in order not to disregard their obligations under Article 325(1) and (2) TFEU, the Member States must ensure that effective and deterrent criminal penalties are adopted in cases of serious fraud affecting the EU’s financial interests in relation to VAT.24

2.4. Measures taken by Member States

2.4.1. Summary

This summary gives an overview of trends in and priorities for Member States’ anti-fraud measures, but it is not exhaustive; Member States were asked to report a maximum of three anti-fraud measures, but some may have taken more.25

In 2017, Member States reported 73 measures26 to protect the EU’s financial interests and fight fraud. The measures covered the entire anti-fraud cycle, mostly in the area of shared management, but also on financial crime, customs and illicit trade, public procurement, conflicts of interest, anti-corruption and anti-fraud strategies, organised crime,

anti-fraud coordination services (AFCOSs), the definition of fraud, and whistleblowers. Most of the measures concerned detection, followed by prevention, investigation and prosecution,

recovery and sanctions.

The majority (77 %) were sectoral rather than cross-cutting (23 %). Of the sectoral measures, 15 concerned revenue in the fields of tax fraud and customs. Another 41 concerned expenditure, covering all areas of the budget. Sector-related measures will be dealt with in the paragraphs dedicated to the various budgetary areas, while this section focuses on the cross-cutting measures.

44.

2.4.1.1. National anti-fraud strategies (NAFS)


By the end of 2017, a total of 10 Member States27 had adopted a national anti-fraud strategy and sent it to the Commission. This shows their

understanding of the importance of a strategic approach to combating fraud and irregularities. The Commission welcomes these developments and calls on the other Member States to draft such strategies.

45.

2.4.1.2. Public procurement and corruption


(Constitutional Court, Italy), made by decision of 23 November 2016, received at the Court on

26 January 2017, in the criminal proceedings against M.A.S., M.B., judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber),

5 December 2017;

curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf ;jsessionid=9ea7d0f130dee23bf505dd284bfca15ec6074b2 9881b.e34KaxiLc3eQc40LaxqMbN4Pb38Me0?text=&docid= 197423&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=f irst&part=1&cid=122561

23 Within the meaning of Article 3(1) of Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 2988/95.

24 Case C-42/17 M.A.S., paragraph 35, recalling the judgment

in Taricco (Case C-105/14);


Many of the measures adopted by Member States in 2017 on public procurement are aimed at tackling corruption and conflicts of interest, and enhancing transparency. Six Member States28 reported taking such measures.

46.

Reported measures are analysed in detail in the SWD


referred to in footnote 1, point (i).

Some of these were part of a package including, for instance,

47.

legislative, administrative, operational or organisational


measures adopted together to apply at various levels in the

country’s institutional structure. This brings the total of

reported measures to 111.

Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Greece, Hungary,


25

26

27

48.

2.4.1.3. Other measures


Other reported cross-cutting measures mainly concerned financial and organised crime (Czech Republic, Poland and Lithuania), reviewing the organisation and competences of specific bodies (Greece and Sweden) or improving inter-agency cooperation.

Three Member States reported measures to address revenue and expenditure in certain sectors:29

• Latvia launched a national anti-fraud campaign (#FraudOff!) to raise public awareness of fraud, complemented by specific training for the administrations concerned;

• Italy took measures to combine administrative and penal initiatives that make it possible to reconstruct illicit financial flows and seize the assets of criminal organisations; and

• Slovenia took measures to increase the detection and clearance rate for crimes that harm the EU budget.

2.4.2. Implementation of 2016 recommendations

In the 2016 PIF report, the Commission made four recommendations to the Member States; one targeted revenue and three expenditure.

Overall, the follow-up to the recommendations (see diagrams below) showed that most Member States have made or are making significant and constructive efforts.30 The majority gave appropriate attention to most recommendations.31

The Commission had recommended that Member States:

(1) review their management and control strategy with regard to customs valuation

(2) fully transpose the revised Public Procurement Directives

(3) improve the quality of data when reporting irregularities

(4) take into account the risk-analysis findings
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2016 PIF Report findings Measures taker* to tackle Increased attention and taken into account the low detection rate for enhance cooperatoin with ETC programmes other MS

29 Although the Member States do not explicitly define these as cross-cutting measures, they fit best in this section.

30 The UK did not provide any information concerning the

49.

Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement, such as implementing new rules on customs undervaluation and the non-release of goods in


envisaged. More could be done to ensure fully digital public procurement procedures. Also, although some Member States provide or arrange training and seminars on using IT systems for reporting, so as to enhance data quality and update

irregularities already reported, others could step up their efforts. Lastly, cooperation among Member States could be improved as regards the increased threat of transnational fraud and European territorial cooperation programmes.

2.5. Summary of statistics concerning detected irregularities and fraud32

In 2017, a total of 15 213 fraudulent and non-fraudulent irregularities were reported to the Commission, 20.8 % fewer than in 2016. They involved approximately EUR 2.58 billion, 8.6 % down from the previous year.

The detection of an irregularity implies that corrective measures have been taken in order to recover the irregular financial amounts involved and that criminal proceedings have been launched if fraud is suspected.

Figure 3: Irregularities reported as fraudulent in 2017

1 146 irregularities reported as fraudulent (-19 %)

EUR 467.1 million (+37.5 %)

705 irregularities reported as fraudulent (-17 %)

EUR 390.7 million involved (+53 %)

0.29 % of 2017 payments

441 irregularities reported as fraudulent (-22 %)

EUR 76.4 million involved (-10 %)

0.30 % of gross amount of TOR collected for 2017

2.5.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities

The number of irregularities reported as fraudulent (which includes cases of suspected or established fraud) and the associated amounts is not a direct indicator of the level of fraud affecting the EU budget. It merely shows how many cases of potential fraud are being detected by Member States and EU bodies.

In 2017, a total of 1 146 irregularities were reported as fraudulent (i.e. 7.5 % of all irregularities detected and reported),33 involving about EUR 467 million (representing 18.1 % of all financial amounts affected by irregularities)34 and covering both expenditure and revenue, as shown in Figure 3.

The number of fraudulent irregularities reported in 2017 fell by 19.3 % as compared with 2016, while the financial amounts involved increased by 37.5 %. Looking at a five-year period (2013-2017), this was 32 % fewer than in 2013, 23 % below the five-year average. The financial impact fluctuates greatly (see Figure 4), as it can be affected by individual cases involving very large sums.

Figure 4: Irregularities reported as fraudulent and associated amounts, 2013-2017

A breakdown of all fraudulent irregularities reported in 2017, by Member State and by budget sector, is set out in Annex 1.

2.5.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities

In 2017, the Commission was notified of 14 067 irregularities not reported as fraudulent ( 20.9 % fewer than in 2016). The figures fell for all sectors except pre-accession. The financial amounts involved decreased by approximately EUR 2.1 billion, as shown in Figure 5.


Figure 5: Irregularities not reported as fraudulent in 2017

14 067 irregularities not reported as fraudulent (-21 %)

EUR 2 111 million (-15 %)

9 872 irregularities not reported as fraudulent (-26 %)

EUR 1 685.7 million involved (-17 %)

1.25 % of 2017 payments

4 195 irregularities reported as fraudulent (-5 %)

EUR 425.3 million involved (-8 %) 1.66 % of gross amount of TOR collected for 2017

2.5.3. OLAF investigations

In 2017, OLAF opened 215 investigations and concluded 197, recommending financial recoveries worth EUR 3.1 billion, of which EUR 2.7 billion related to revenue. This exceptionally high figure stems from major underevaluation fraud cases concluded by OLAF during the year. At the end of the year, 362 investigations were ongoing.35

Figure 6: Ongoing investigations at the end of 2017, by sector36

35 https://ec.europa.eu/anti-fraud/about-us/reports/olaf-report_en

36 In 2017, as in the previous year, OLAF has continued to deal with a relatively high number of cases related to the European


3. Anti-fraud policies, measures and results —

Revenue

3.1. EU institutions’ anti-fraud measures – revenue

When it comes to fighting fraud in the revenue area, the swift, timely and accurate exchange of information is of the essence. This ensures adequate coordination to disrupt fraud schemes that are by nature transnational. The EU fights fraud and irregularities in these areas by

reinforcing the legal framework and international cooperation agreements, ensuring operational coordination via Joint Customs Operations (JCOs) and facilitating the exchange of information in relation to VAT fraud.

Member States have adopted national measures to:

• review strategic plans, risk assessments and indicators;

• reorganise competent services; and

• enhance information exchanges.

Figure 7: Policy highlights in the revenue areas

Coordination,

50.

cooperation


and

information

exchange

51.

11 JCOs coordinated by OLAF


Proposal for amending Regulation (EU) No 904/2010 on VAT fraud (discussions ongoing in Council)

Mutual assistance agreements with non-EU countries: Mercosur and Azerbaijan

Anti-fraud clause in free trade agreement with Japan

3.1.1. Mutual administrative assistance

52.

3.1.1.1. Implementation of Article 43b of


Regulation (EC) No 515/97

Regulation (EU) 2015/1525,37 amending

Regulation (EC) No 515/9738 on mutual

administrative assistance in customs matters, introduced a new Article 43b requiring the Commission to assess the need to extend the container status message (CSM) directory and the import, export and transit (IET) directory to export data not limited to excisable goods. The Commission is also required to assess the feasibility of extending the transport directory to data on the import, export and transit of goods by land and air.

The Commission reported its preliminary findings in the 2016 PIF report.39 In the

37 Regulation (EU) 2015/1525 of the European Parliament

and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending Council Regulation (EC) No 515/97 on mutual assistance between the administrative authorities of the Member States and cooperation between the latter and the Commission to ensure the correct application of the law on customs and agricultural matters (OJ L 243,

meantime, it has pursued its work and finalised its assessment.40

3.1.1.2.

53.

System (AFIS)


Anti-Fraud

Information

AFIS is an umbrella of anti-fraud applications operated by OLAF, using common technical infrastructure. It is an important IT tool for many administrations and other users involved in protecting the EU’s financial interests. It also enables substantial economies of scale and synergies in the development, maintenance and operation of such a wide and diverse set of IT services and tools, aiming at:

• the timely and secure exchange of fraud-related information between the competent national and EU administrations; and

• the storage and analysis of relevant data.

AFIS covers two major areas:

• mutual assistance in customs matters; and

• irregularities management.


At the end of 2017, AFIS had 8 600 registered end-users on behalf of more than 1 800 competent services in Member States, non-EU partner countries, international organisations, Commission departments and other EU bodies. In 2017, a total of 16 324 cases were available in the AFIS mutual assistance databases and modules.

The irregularity management system (IMS), which uses the AFIS platform, received 88 347 new communications on irregularities from Member States and candidate countries.

Two new IT systems provided for in Regulation (EC) No 515/97 (as amended), the CSM directory and the IET directory, went live on 1 September 2016.

54.

AFIS received 637 million CSMs in 2017. The IET directory contains declaration data on the import and transit of goods and on the export of excise goods. Some 5.3 million export


declarations and related messages were

processed.

Figure 8: Joint customs operations in 2017

AFIS was used for secure access and exchange of information in 11 JCOs (see next section).

The anti-fraud transit information system (ATIS) received information on 22.5 million new transit consignments. These are also available in the IET directory.

55.

3.1.1.3. Joint customs operations (JCOs)


JCOs are coordinated and targeted operational measures implemented by Member States’ and non-EU countries’ customs authorities over a limited period to combat illicit cross-border trafficking in goods.

In 2017, OLAF coordinated and supported 11 JCOs cooperating with Member States and contributing intelligence and technical, financial and logistical support.

The JCOs targeted various threats, including cigarette smuggling, revenue fraud, counterfeit products, illicit cash movements and narcotics. Figure 8 presents a summary of most of the operations.

Operation

JCO Renegade
Participating countries

Asia-Europe meeting: all Member States, Norway, 12 Asian countries, Interpol, Europol, Regional Intelligence Liaison Office (WTO)
Scope

Counterfeit goods, in particular auto spare parts (ASPs)
Results

70 000 ASPs; 400 000 other counterfeit goods; 56 million cigarettes (worth EUR 12 million in customs duties and taxes)
JCO Cerberus27 Member States, Europol supportFailures to declare cash, money laundering and criminal organisations involved in terrorist activities.Detention of EUR 6.4 million
JCO Magnum IICoordinated by Estonian customs with the involvement of 14 Member States, Europol and FrontexSmuggling of tobacco products transported by road from non-EU countries (Belarus, Ukraine and Russia)Seizure of around 20 million cigarettes
Octopus IIOrganised by French customsRevenue fraudEvaluation ongoing
Load, Lock Sea, Lucky and PascalCoordinated by French customsRegional maritime surveillance operations to detect illicit trafficking of sensitive goods by sea, in the Atlantic and Mediterranean areasOver 5 tonnes of cannabis resin seized and 10 people arrested
JCO PostboxLed by Belgian, German and Swedish customs under the ‘customs against internet crime’ actionExcise fraud and illegal trade in counterfeit goods, drugs and weapons in shipments transported by mail and express courier servicesOver 3 000 seizures of thousands of illicit products, including pharmaceutical preparations, narcotics, cigarettes, counterfeit goods, protected species and weapons
Operation JCO DariusParticipating countries

Organised by Dutch customs
Scope

Smuggling of specific new psychoactive substances (NPS) and counterfeit and undervalued goods, transported by fast-couriers and postal services
Results

Over 300 seizures
Joint Action HansaDriven by UK customs in cooperation with EuropolInternal movement of illegal excisable goods, mainly cigarettesSeizures of large numbers of cigarettes and other tobacco products

3.1.2. Mutual assistance and anti-fraud

provisions in international agreements

56.

In the context of Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 515/97, negotiations were finalised with Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) and Azerbaijan on mutual


administrative assistance provisions forming a legal basis for the exchange of information on fraud and irregularities. Negotiations with Tunisia and Indonesia made good progress.

The EU also made progress in ongoing negotiations on including an anti-fraud clause in free trade agreements with Mexico, Mercosur, Chile, Indonesia and Tunisia, and concluded an agreement with Japan.

3.1.3. Fight against illicit trade in products

tobacco

On 12 May 2017, the Commission issued a progress report41 on the preliminary outcome of its 2013 Communication Stepping up the fight against cigarette smuggling and other forms of illicit trade in tobacco products — a

comprehensive EU strategy,42 which came with a comprehensive action plan.

Council conclusions on stepping up the fight against illegally traded tobacco products in the EU (adopted on 7 December 2017)43 and the ‘Fighting illicit tobacco’ stakeholder conference (co-organised by OLAF and the European Economic and Social Committee in March 2018) feed into the Commission’s work on a new action plan to fight illicit tobacco, envisaged for late summer 2018.

In addition, the EU’s ratified the World Health Organisation’s Framework Convention on

57.

Tobacco Control (FCTC) Protocol on 24 June 2016. The FTCT Protocol will enter into force on


25 September 2018. The Commission will represent the EU at the first meeting of the parties to the Protocol in October 2018 and continue to play a leading role in encouraging Member States, neighbouring countries and the main source and transit countries to ratify and implement the Protocol.

3.1.4. Fight against VAT fraud

On 30 November 2017, as a follow-up to its April 2016 action plan on VAT,44 the Commission adopted a proposal to amend Regulation (EU) No 904/2010 on administrative cooperation in the area of VAT45 On June 2018, the Council reached a political agreement on the proposal. The proposal is geared to making the EU’s VAT system more fraud-proof and closing loopholes that can lead to large-scale VAT fraud. The new rules aim to build trust between Member States, so that they can exchange more information, and boost cooperation between national tax authorities and law-enforcement bodies. Key measures include:

• strengthening cooperation between Member States (e.g. new IT system for information processing and risk analysis within Eurofisc (EU network of anti-fraud experts), joint audits);

• reinforcing communication and data exchange between national tax authorities in Eurofisc and European law-enforcement bodies (OLAF, Europol and the future EPPO);

• improving cooperation between national tax and customs authorities for certain customs procedures for imports from outside the EU, which are currently open to VAT fraud; and

44 An action plan on VAT: towards a single EU VAT area –

time to decide, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee (COM(2016) 148).


strengthening information-sharing to tackle VAT fraud on second-hand cars.

3.3. Statistics on detected irregularities and fraud – revenue

3.2. Member States’ anti-fraud measures – revenue

Some 12 Member States reported measures to fight customs and tax fraud; these included:

refining risk indicators to address undervaluation of import declarations;46

58.

the


• reviewing national customs risk assessment and raised the minimum fine for failure to declare the amount of cash carried;47

• drafting an internal customs plan;48

• setting strategic and operational priorities for customs and excise;49 and

• implementing a new post-clearance audit method extending inspections to all activities of the economic operator in question.50

Three countries introduced measures to ensure the correct payment of EU own resources51 or more successful recoveries,52 or to combat tax fraud and evasion.53

Two countries established or reviewed the organisation of specific bodies.54

One Member State55 addressed the need to improve the quantity and quality of information exchanged through international platforms.

Figure 9: Key patterns in irregularities detected and reported in 2017

• inspections by anti-fraud services (fraudulent and non-fraudulent irregularities)

• post-release controls (fraudulent and non-fraudulent)

• clearence controls (fraudulent)

• solar panels

• biodiesel

• textiles

• bicycles

• vehicles

3.3.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities56

A total of 441 irregularities were reported as fraudulent in 2017. This is 33 % lower than the five-year average (658 irregularities on average in 2013-2017). The affected amount of TOR estimated and established (EUR 76 million) in 2017 was 28 % lower than the five-year average (EUR 106 million).

46 The Netherlands, in particular as regards textile goods.

47 Portugal.

48 Finland.

49 Belgium.

50 Italy.

51 Denmark.

Spain.

As regards the investigation into undervaluation fraud in the UK, a pre-infringement procedure was launched with a formal notice letter in March 2018. The procedure was launched in record time and in view of the fact that the UK had for several years failed to take appropriate measures to protect the EU’s financial interests and refused to make available to the EU budget the TOR losses resulting from its inaction. The infringement covers the period since 2011. If the UK authorities do not succeed in recovering the duties due, they will be held financially liable for any associated TOR not made available to the EU budget.

For the second year, the Commission entered a reservation in the 2017 annual activity report on the accuracy of the TOR amounts transferred to the EU budget by the UK.


52

3.3.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities

The number of irregularities reported as non-fraudulent for 2017 amounts to 4 195, which is 8 % fewer than the five-year average (4 564 in 2013-2017). The total affected amount of TOR estimated and established amounts to EUR 425 million in 2017, which is 15 % higher than the five-year average of EUR 369 million.

4. Sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and

results — expenditure

4.1. Member States’ sectoral anti-fraud policies and measures involving several expenditure sectors

Member States reported several measures that address different funds at the same time, mostly the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIFs).57 Some of the measures extend to other shared management funds, such as the Asylum and Migration Fund (AMIF), the Fund for European Aid to the Most Deprived (FEAD) and the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF). The measures differ widely in nature and purpose, and range from simplification of procedures to a review of the system for financial corrections; from risk assessments to training courses on specific cross-cutting

issues.58

4.2. Agriculture — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results

4.2.1. Agriculture measures

Member States’ anti-fraud

Nine Member States reported anti-fraud measures specific to agriculture. Three countries focused on the ‘artificial creation of eligibility criteria’.59 Other measures involve:

• mandatory fraud prevention training and a rural development anti-fraud strategy;60

• preventing irregularities when granting aids and subsidies;61

• checks on the basis of procurement rules and evaluating the ‘reasonableness’ of costs;62

59.

The ESIFs broadly cover agriculture, fisheries and


cohesion policies.

60.

For a complete overview, see paragraph 5.1 of the SWD


referred to in footnote 1, point (i).

Germany, Lithuania and Cyprus.

improving the timeliness and quality of the information reported via IMS;63

reviewing the external and internal control system, following the detection of a scam;64 and

reviewing procedures in areas such as flagging practices, the use of risk indicators and cooperation with law enforcement.65

4.2.2. Agriculture — statistics irregularities and fraud

on

detected

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) comprises two main components:

• direct support (SA), through direct payments to farmers and market support measures, which are financed by the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF — about 80 % of the CAP budget); and

• rural development (RD), which is mainly financed through the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD — the remaining 20 % of the CAP budget).

The EAGF follows an annual implementation cycle, while the EAFRD finances multiannual programmes.

The trend of irregularities detected and reported by Member States over the last five years is influenced by these differences: SA shows a stable, flat trend, while RD follows a curve, peaking in 2015. Analysis of the irregularities confirms the higher risk associated with market support measures and RD investments.66

61.

4.2.2.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities


For the reporting years 2013 to 2017, the fraud frequency level (FFL) is about 11 % and the fraud amount level (FAL) 25 %. Both indicators, but especially the FAL, were higher for SA than for RD.

In absolute numbers, the majority of detected potential frauds affected RD, but the total financial amount of cases concerning SA was higher and increased significantly in 2017. The predominance of SA in financial terms was due to a few cases concerning market measures and involving very large sums. However, even net of

62.

63 64


Austria.

Luxembourg.

Poland.


57

58

59

65

these exceptional cases, the average financial amount of potential frauds in the area of market measures is higher than that of RD cases. The average financial amount of potential fraud concerning direct payments is lower than that of RD cases and decreased in 2017.

The Fraud Detection Rate (FDR) was higher for RD than for SA as a whole. Nevertheless, market measures were most affected, with an FDR of 1.17 %. However, it should be borne in mind

Figure 10: Agricultural policy – key facts and figures

that this is heavily influenced by a few cases with exceptional financial amounts. In financial terms, the main market measures concerned were ‘fruit and vegetables’, ‘pigmeat, eggs and poultry, bee-keeping and other animal products’ and ‘products of the wine-growing sector’.

The ratio of dismissed cases is higher in agriculture than in the cohesion policy area. Judicial authorities seem less inclined to prosecute alleged crimes in this sector.

•Risk analysis, tips from informant, whistle-blower, or information from media are at the basis of a limited number of detections, involving high amounts •Judicial enquiries •Information from EU bodies

63.

4.2.2.2. Detected and irregularities


reported non-fraudulent

In general, the patterns described in

section 4.2.2 also apply to irregularities not reported as fraudulent. RD-related irregularities predominate both numerically and in terms of total financial amounts. However, the average amount involved in SA cases is higher and rose further in 2017. Again, a few cases concerning market measures and involving large sums contributed to this higher average. However, even net of these exceptional cases, the average financial amount of non-fraudulent irregularities in market measures in 2013-2017 is still higher than that of RD cases. The average financial amount of non-fraudulent irregularities

concerning direct payments is lower that that of RD cases and is decreasing.

Among the most recurrent detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities,

64.

violations concerning payment claims or documentary proof predominate and there are


many reports of falsification. However, cases are not classified as fraudulent.67

65.

these


The Irregularity Detection Rate (IDR) was higher for RD than for SA as a whole. However, the IDR for market measures is 1.39 %, the highest of the whole policy area. Again, this is influenced by a few cases involving large financial amounts.

Figure 11: Market measures most affected by irregularities (fraudulent and non-fraudulent)

67 This situation mainly concerns Italy. These irregularities


66.

Market measures affected


Products of the

wine-growing

sector

Fruit and vegetables

Pigmeat, eggs and poultry, beekeeping and other animal products

4.3. Cohesion policy and fisheries — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results

4.3.1. Cohesion policy and fisheries — Member States’ anti-fraud measures

Cohesion policy and fisheries were the policy areas most targeted by measures adopted by Member States in 2017.

Eight countries reported that they had introduced ARACHNE in their management system,68 IT tools in public procurement,69 a computerised accounting system70 or improvements to their beneficiary information system.71 Four introduced a fraud risk-assessment tool72 or developed specific risk analysis on economic crime.73

Four countries adopted measures concerning the management or reporting of irregularities.74 Three adopted measures specific to one fund.75 The remaining measures concerned conflicts of interest,76 the introduction of a verification procedure77 and anti-fraud training.78

Belgium, Bulgaria, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the UK.

Poland.

Slovenia.

Finland.

Germany, Cyprus and Luxembourg.

Sweden.

Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark and Malta.

Germany (ESF), Ireland (ESF) and Italy (EMFF).


Figure 12: Cohesion and fisheries policies – key facts and figures

4.3.2. Cohesion policy and fisheries — statistics on detected irregularities and fraud

Analysis of cohesion policy is more complex than that of other budget sectors, because the information received (reported irregularities) relates to different programming periods (PPs) governed by partially different sets of rules.

Also, the fact that PPs are multiannual significantly affects the underlying trends. Given the similarities in the management of the funds, fisheries and cohesion policies are analysed together.

The number of irregularities reported in relation to cohesion and fisheries policies peaked in 2015, in line with the progress of the programme cycle.

Irregularities reported in 2017 concern four different PPs, with the largest proportion (94 %) relating to PP 2007-2013 and only 570 (less than 2 %) to PP 2014-2020.79 In line with the implementation cycle, reporting with reference to PP 2014-2020 basically started in 2016 and increased in 2017. There are still not enough data for a meaningful analysis.

As the bulk of reported irregularities relate to PP 2007-2013, the analysis focuses mainly on that programming cycle as a whole.

67.

4.3.2.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities


The number of potential frauds continued to fall slowly from the 2015 peak, while the financial amounts increased (mainly due to irregularities relating to PP 2007-2013).

The ‘research and technological development (RTD)’ and ‘transport’ priorities were among those most affected by potential fraud. As regards the former, infringements of contract provisions were the most-reported violations, for potentially fraudulent and non-fraudulent irregularities. Infringements concerning public procurement rules were reported, but very few as fraudulent. Very few violations concerning ethics and integrity were reported, but most were classified as potential fraud. More specifically, most involved a conflict of interest or belonged to the ‘other’ category.


Figure 13: Focus on PP 2007-2013

68.

PP 2007-2013


4.4. Indirect management (pre-accession)

— sectoral anti-fraud policies,

measures and results

4.4.1. Indirect management (pre-accession) — statistics on detected irregularities and fraud

69.

Fraudulent irregularities


•1 934 - EUR 1.46 billion •FDR 0.44 % (highest for convergence and fisheries; lowest for European territorial cooperation (ETC) programmes) •priorities most affected: RTD, transport, tourism

70.

Non-fraudulent


•37 869 - EUR 8.46 billion •IDR 2.53 % (highest for

71.

convergence objective


and fisheries; lowest for

ETC) •priorities most affected:

72.

RTD, transport and


tourism

As regards the ‘transport’ priority, infringements relating to supporting documents were the most-reported violations for potential fraud. Infringements concerning public procurement rules were the most reported, but they were rarely reported as potential fraud. The opposite was true for infringements concerning ethics and integrity: these violations were rare, but almost all involved potential fraud. They concerned conflicts of interest, corruption or ‘other’.

The ratio of established fraud was higher and dismissals lower for cohesion policy measures than for agriculture.

73.

4.3.2.2. Detected and reported non-fraudulent irregularities


The number of non-fraudulent irregularities follows the main trend highlighted above. The financial amounts peaked in 2016 and then decreased more slowly than the numbers. The resulting higher average financial amounts for PP 2007-2013 may be the outcome of better targeting or just fortuitous.

The analysis of irregularities relating to indirect management focuses on the pre-accession instruments.

Reported irregularities periods:

74.

still concern two main


• 2000-2006 - pre-accession assistance (PAA) programmes to prepare the accession waves of 2004 and 2007, which are slowly phasing out (only five irregularities, involving EUR 0.1 million, were reported in relation to PAA in 2017); and

• 2007-2013 - the pre-accession instrument (IPA), where the number of reported irregularities was basically unchanged from 2016 (114, involving EUR 17.3 million).

For PAA, only one irregularity was detected and reported as fraudulent. For the IPA, the number of irregularities reported as fraudulent dropped to 17 (from 22 in 2016), but these involved EUR 3.1 million (up from EUR 0.7 million). The main area concerned is still rural development support.

4.5. Direct management — sectoral anti-fraud policies, measures and results

4.5.1. Direct management — statistics detected irregularities and fraud

on

75.

Statistics on direct management are based on recovery orders issued by Commission


departments and recorded in the Commission’s accrual-based accounting system (ABAC).

76.

4.5.1.1. Detected fraudulent irregularities


In 2017, ABAC recorded 65 recovery items classed as fraudulent,80 which accounted for EUR 7.33 million. Comparing this with the total funds actually disbursed, the FDR is 0.03 %, i.e. around the stable five-year average.

77.

4.5.1.2. Detected and irregularities


reported non-fraudulent

As regards non-fraudulent irregularities, 1 585 recovery items totalling EUR 64.15 million were

recorded in 2017. Over a five-year period, the IDR remained stable at around 0.5 %.

5. Recovery and other preventive and

corrective measures

Detailed information on recoveries, financial corrections and other preventive and corrective measures (interruptions and suspension of payments) is published in the Annual

management and performance report, which as from 2016 includes the former annual

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Court of Auditors on the protection of the EU budget.81

6.

Cooperation with the Member States

The Advisory Committee for Coordination of Fraud Prevention (COCOLAF) brings together Commission (OLAF) and Member State experts. It provides a forum for discussing the main developments in the fight against fraud and the preparation of this report, as required by Article 325(5) TFEU. Its work is structured around four working groups and a plenary session (see Figure 14).

Figure 14:

COCOLAF subgroups

structure

and

78.

Anti-fraud


coordination

services meeting

Reporting and

analysis of

fraudulent and

other

irregulariti"

OLAF anti-fraud communicators' network (OAFCN)

Plenary

• Fraud Preventionsubgroup - Fraud in public procurement - a collection of red flags and best practices, which contains numerous example cases, red flags, solutions and best practices that are grouped thematically according to the phases of the tender procedure.

The Anti-fraud coordination service (AFCOS) meet annually under the chairmanship of OLAF. In 2017, OLAF’s investigative cooperation, in particular during on-the-spot checks and digital forensic operations, was discussed with the AFCOS representatives at the annual meeting. Other subjects for discussion included:

• the role of AFCOSs;

• recent policy developments; and

• the use of AFIS email for case-related correspondence between OLAF and AFCOSs.

The OLAF Anti-Fraud Communicators’ Network (OAFCN) brings together communications officers and spokepersons from OLAF’s operational partners in the Member States. It plays a pivotal role in communicating the threat of fraud to the public across the EU, and the joint efforts made by national and EU authorities to combat it.

In 2017, OLAF signed two administrative cooperation arrangements to facilitate investigative cooperation with Italy’s Carabinieri and Direzione Nazionale Antimafia e Antiterrorismo.

Member States and the Commission exchanged views on anti-fraud matters in meetings of the Council’s Working Party on Combating Fraud (GAF). Four GAF meetings took place in 2017: two under the Maltese Presidency and two under the Estonian Presidency.

7.

Early detection and exclusion system

Two subgroups prepared guidance documents in 2017:

• Reporting and Analysis subgroup -Handbook on the requirement to report irregularities, which provides guidance on common aspects of Member States’ reporting of irregularities for PP 2014-2020; and

81 The AMPR is part of the EU budget integrated financial

79.

reporting package (COM(2018) 457 final). . Information


The Early Detection and Exclusion System (EDES) aims at reinforcing the protection of the EU’s financial interests by ensuring:

• the early detection of economic operators representing risks to the EU’s financial interests;

• the exclusion of unreliable economic operators from obtaining EU funds and/or the imposition of a financial penalty; and

• in the most severe cases, the publication on the Commission’s website of information relating to the exclusion and/or the financial penalty, in order to reinforce the deterrent effect.

This system, which was set up in 2016, represents a significant improvement in the application of rules on administrative sanctions with respect to fundamental rights,

independence and transparency. In the absence of a final national judgment or, where applicable, a final administrative decision, EU institutions, agencies, offices and bodies can decide to impose sanctions on unreliable economic operators only after obtaining a

recommendation82 from the centralised

interinstitutional panel.83

• not to publish information on administrative sanctions on the Commission website, either to protect the confidentiality of investigations or to respect the principle of proportionality where a natural person is concerned.

Authorising officers took no such decisions in 2017.

8. Follow-up to the European Parliament

resolution on the 2016 annual report

The panel has no investigative powers. In principle, it bases its assessment on facts and findings established in the context of audits or investigations carried out by the European Court of Auditors, OLAF or internal audit, or any other check, audit or control performed under the responsibility of the competent authorising officer.84 It is composed of a standing high-level independent chair,85 two permanent members representing the Commission (as owner of the system) and one ad hoc member representing the authorising officer of the service requesting the recommendation. It respects the right of defence of the economic operator concerned and applies the principle of proportionality.86

In 2017, various authorising services referred 11 cases, relating to 11 economic operators, to the panel through its permanent secretariat. Of these, 10 were from the Commission and one from a joint undertaking implementing an EU public-private partnership. This report also covers an additional four cases referred to the permanent secretariat in 2016 and concerning four economic operators, since they were presented to the panel in 2017.87

The Commission must also report on decisions taken by authorising officers:88

• not to exclude economic operators, so as to ensure continuity of service for a limited period pending the adoption of remedial measures by the operators concerned; and

82 For the situations referred to in Article 106(1)(c) to (f) of the Financial Regulation (i.e. grave professional misconduct, fraud, serious breaches of contractual obligations, or irregularities).

83 i.e. the panel referred to in Article 108(5) to (10) of the Financial Regulation.

84 The authorising officer can be that of an EU institution, an agency, an office or another body.

85 The chair has a standing high-level independent deputy.

86 For more information on the panel, see SWD footnote 1, point (v).

87 As of 30 June 2018, the panel had issued 31

On 3 May 2018, the European Parliament adopted a resolution on the Commission’s 2016 annual report on the protection of the EU’s financial interests – fight against fraud.89 The Commission welcomes the resolution and notes the Parliament’s recognition of its activity in the fight against fraud. It will be able to take action on many of the issues raised in the resolution, in particular as regards close cooperation between OLAF and EPPO. It will comment in detail on the resolution in its formal reply, which will be transmitted to the Parliament later this year.

9.

Conclusions and recommendations

Legal and administrative measures to target fraud and irregularities and protect the EU’s financial interests have to be adapted on an ongoing basis. In this respect, 2017 was a landmark year, with the adoption of legislative acts that will pave the way to further integration and convergence. Remaining differences in national legal and administrative frameworks warrant tailor-made measures, such as those adopted at national level and described in this report. Nonetheless, certain common

conclusions and recommendations can be drawn to highlight prevalent threats and take advantage of best practices that have proven effective in particular countries or budgetary areas.

9.1. Revenue

Despite a general fall in the number of irregularities detected, as in 2016 imported solar panels were the goods most affected by fraud and irregularities in financial terms. Many of the irregularities involving solar panels were detected following a mutual assistance notice issued by OLAF. This underlines the importance of OLAF’s investigations in the detection of irregularities on transactions with certain types of goods (e.g. incorrect CN codes or origin


declarations, evasion of anti-dumping duties, undervaluation of declared goods).

The countries of origin most affected by fraud and irregularities were China (in terms of the number of cases) and the United States (in financial terms).

OLAF investigations highlighted large-scale revenue frauds through the undervaluation of goods imported in the EU. Such fraud results in huge losses, not only in customs duties, but also in evaded VAT.90 OLAFs investigations underlined that fraudsters will exploit any loopholes and that quantity fraud can pay off.

OLAFs experience shows that undervaluation will remain a threat to be dealt with in the coming years.

To close these loopholes, customs control strategies involving a combination of different controls are pivotal. The customs control strategy should strike the right balance between trade facilitation/simplification and the protection of the EU’s financial interests.

Recommendation 1

Member States are asked to remain vigilant as regards the risk of undervaluation of goods, in particular cheap products imported in extremely large quantities, such as textiles and footwear.

In order to enhance customs controls, Member States are requested to ensure that:

• strategies are in place and target all types of customs procedure and all operators;

• proper coordination among all customs services dealing with risk analysis and controls exists; risk profiles provide clear instructions and risk information is shared with other Member States;

• close monitoring of the controls results (feedback) and strict follow-up of Mutual assistance instructions are in place.

They are also requested to:

• systematically include an automated random element and take into consideration the time-barring three-year period for the communication of customs debt as a risk indicator in the post-release risk analysis;

• risk-orient post-release audits and strictly monitor their results; and

• carry out customs controls on operations made by authorised economic operators (AEO) taking account of the risk management performed with respect to the different elements of these operations.

The Commission also invites national competent authorities to make full use of the handbook on operational customs controls based on Member States’ best practices and of the Customs audit guide.

9.2. Expenditure

The analysis in this report confirms the main trends and patterns highlighted in previous years.

Detection rates remain high for programmes in the least-developed regions of Europe and in fisheries, and low in relation to cross-border programmes.

In agriculture, market support measures are affected by a limited number of highly costly irregularities, which still require an appropriate level of attention.

The focus is shifting towards fraud aimed at artificially creating the conditions to access funding. Several Member States have reported specific measures in this respect.

Although fewer irregularities and less fraud were reported in 2017, the average financial amounts increased, suggesting that controls are better targeted.

Risk analysis, tips from informants or whistleblowers, or information from the media can play a role in improving targeting, especially as it seems that their use is still not widespread. Information from judicial enquiries led to the discovery of some non-fraudulent irregularities involving high average financial amounts. The same was true of controls that started because of information/requests from, or irregularities identified by, an EU body.

Recommendation 2

Member States are invited to:

• further exploit the potential of risk analysis, tailoring the approach to the different types of expenditure and taking advantage of best practices and the risk elements highlighted in this report;

• facilitate and assess the spontaneuous reporting of potential irregularities and strengthen the protection of whistleblowers, who are also a crucial source for investigative journalism;91 and

See Strengthening whistleblower protection at EU level, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and


91

• promote systematic and timely cooperation between judicial and administrative authorities.

All these measures would have a greater impact if embedded in a national anti-fraud strategy.

9.3. Cooperation at all levels

The above recommendations are aimed at strengthening a trend, in terms of policy and legislative initiatives, that is already visible in several Member States and is supported by the analysis presented in this report.

The correct and targeted use of data and information is effective for stepping up the fight against fraud and keeping up with the expectations of civil society. European citizens not only look at their own country, but increasingly judge the success of the European project on the basis of what happens in other Member States.

However, the necessary data and information are often spread across several authorities. Cooperation at national and EU level will be of the essence.

Cooperation between judicial and administrative investigations has already proven even more pivotal for combating fraud efficiently and effectively.

At the level of the EU institutions, the Commission will ensure that a strong and fully functioning OLAF complements EPPO’s criminal law approach with administrative investigations.

ANNEX 1 — Irregularities reported as fraudulent in 2017

The number of irregularities reported as fraudulent reflects the results of Member States’ work to counter fraud and other illegal activities affecting the EU’s financial interests. The figures should not be interpreted as indicating the level of fraud in the Member States’ territories. This annex does not cover non-EU (pre-accession) countries or direct expenditure.

MEMBERAgricultureInternal policiesCohesion policy and FisheriesPre-accessionTOTAL EXPENDITUREREVENUE
STATESNEURNEURNEURNEURNEURNEUR
Belgique/België2615 502 626
Bulgaria163 852 238164 425173 916 663191 192 724
Ceská republika8494 087336 609 802417 103 889
Danmark38 119132 352440 471187 967
Deutschland6981 201181 657 451242 638 652466 586 501
Eesti82 199 72855 325 933137 525 6614310 930
Éire/Ireland215 242215 242133 992
Ellada226 628101 343 670121 370 2983114 131 439
España5298 30220410 09625708 398343 911 652
France91 326 25591 326 2559813 221 533
Hrvatska2358 04711 052 81231 410 8598852 915
Italia361 370 5713703 086392 073 657201 036 186
Kypros3r520 2123520 2124118 402
Latvija14 35367 506 30577 510 6586257 710
Lietuva61 246 395141 36071 287 755381 538 484
Luxembourg115 857115 857
Magyarország141 075 82361 479 560202 555 3834335 228
Malta138 685138 6852366 319
Nederland6183 8663421 6149605 48082 800 617
Österreich1122 5381122 53875 654 247
Pol ska7937 954 2976419 612 17314357 566 470522 526 634
Portugal4176 9181231 604 7261631 781 6442269 552
Romania647 973 8857567 164 7132649 63614175 788 2349413 780
Slovenija146 89722 553 64732 600 5444159 180
Slovensko2149 44477172 181 29979172 330 743
Suomi/Finland126 786126 786483 383
Sverige44 527 821
United Kingdom240 118240 1189466 886
TOTAL345921 151441

30

ANNEX 2 — Irregularities not reported as fraudulent in 2017

This annex does not cover non-EU (pre-accession) countries or direct expenditure.

MEMBERAgricultureInternal policiesCohesion policy and FisheriesPre-accessionTOTAL EXPENDITUREREVENUE
STATESNEURNEURNEURNEURNEURNEUR
Belgique/België17312 9402978 381516 092 879707 384 20018914 579 103
Bulgaria12411 211 0377729 676 4181520 93221640 908 3881253 408
Ceská republika251 083 01228260 949 35130762 032 363898 608 026
Danmark9305 4973694 02012999 517552 038 865
Deutschland612 437 9258310 519 24614412 957 1711 61785 727 353
Eesti371 812 973242 821 971614 634 944111 149
Éire/Ireland18802 856443 299 833624 102 689312 947 035
Ellada1182 537 342504272 493 429622275 030 77110274 902
España33517 433 3171 115366 925 9091 450384 359 22623078 825 931
France1625 021 836264 008 6361889 030 47220016 578 121
Hrvatska28511 70010586 362101 368 047482 466 1097262 098
Italia57544 759 71155586 114 7641 130130 874 47511912 024 057
Kypros30 V3 214 441303 214 441110 564
Latvija18779 102313 719 969494 499 0714196 843
Lietuva1375 385 7757223 629 19820929 014 973191 026 160
Luxembourg
Magyarország20211 115 14414927 217 70435138 332 848205 909 986
Malta13932 900232 317 833363 250 733
Nederland451 481 953634 809 5131086 291 46644278 000 552
Österreich22489 08082 418 922302 908 002491 739 162
Pol ska1336 553 892499195 767 291632202 321 183461 453 150
Portugal40126 556 51239263 808 45579390 364 967324 907 356
Romania44560 524 561111 951368102 999 634814163 536 146232 778 540
Slovenija14314 974411 438 319551 753 2938320 139
Slovensko484 193 841248108 249 854296112 443 69511756 807
Suomi/Finland7137 8107621 52314759 333271 947 211
Sverige62 127 41811869 607172 997 0251656 704 023
United Kingdom541 578 87341310 595 51046712 174 38379997 376 431
TOTAL054210 401 9815 1291 39 5918 2111 608 641 884 195425

31

ANNEX 3 — List of Accompanying Staff Working Documents

80.

1. Implementation of Article 325 by the Member States in 2017 (SWD(2018) 384)


2. Statistical evaluation of irregularities reported for own resources, natural resources, cohesion policy and pre-accession assistance and direct expenditure (SWD(2018) 386 – part 1 and 2)

3. Follow-up of recommendations to the Commission report on the protection of the EU’s financial interests — fight against fraud, 2016 (SWD(2018) 383)

4. Early Detection and Exclusion System (EDES) — Panel referred to in Article 108 of the Financial Regulation (SWD(2018) 382)

81.

5. Annual overview with information on the results of the Hercule III Programme in 2017 (SWD(2018) 381)


6. Assessment of the implementation of Article 43b of Regulation (EC) No 515/97 (SWD(2018) 385)